# Standard Python modules
from collections import OrderedDict
# External modules
from baseclasses.utils import Error
import numpy as np
from pyspline import Curve
# Local modules
from .. import geo_utils, pyGeo
from ..geo_utils.file_io import readPlot3DSurfFile
from ..geo_utils.misc import convertTo2D
from .areaConstraint import ProjectedAreaConstraint, SurfaceAreaConstraint, TriangulatedSurfaceConstraint
from .baseConstraint import GlobalLinearConstraint, LinearConstraint
from .circularityConstraint import CircularityConstraint
from .colinearityConstraint import ColinearityConstraint
from .curvatureConstraint import CurvatureConstraint, CurvatureConstraint1D
from .gearPostConstraint import GearPostConstraint
from .locationConstraint import LocationConstraint
from .planarityConstraint import PlanarityConstraint
from .radiusConstraint import RadiusConstraint
from .thicknessConstraint import (
ProjectedThicknessConstraint,
ProximityConstraint,
ThicknessConstraint,
ThicknessToChordConstraint,
)
from .volumeConstraint import CompositeVolumeConstraint, TriangulatedVolumeConstraint, VolumeConstraint
[docs]
class DVConstraints:
"""DVConstraints provides a convenient way of defining geometric
constraints for wings. This can be very useful for a constrained
aerodynamic or aerostructural optimization. Three types of
constraints are supported:
1. Thickness 'tooth-pick' constraints: Thickness constraints are
enforced at specific locations. A relative or absolute
minimum/maximum thickness can be specified. Two variants are
supplied: a '2d' variant for thickness constraints over an area
such as a spar box :func:`addThicknessConstraints2D` and a '1d'
variant for thickness constraints along a (poly) line
:func:`addThicknessConstraints1D`.
2. Volume constraint: This computes and enforces a volume constraint
over the specified domain. The input is identical to the '2d'
thickness constraints. See :func:`addVolumeConstraint`.
3. LE/TE Constraints: These geometric constraints are required when
using FFD volumes with shape variables. The leading and trailing
edges must be fixed wrt the shape variables so these enforce that the
coefficients on the leading edge can only move in equal and opposite
directions
4. Fixed Location Constraints: These constraints allow you to specify
certain location in the FFD that can not move.
5. Gear Post Constraint: This is a very highly specialized
constraint used to ensure there is sufficient vertical space to
install wing-mounted landing gear and that it is correctly positioned
relative to the wing. See the class definition for more information.
Analytic sensitivity information is computed for all functions and a
facility for adding the constraints automatically to a pyOptSparse
optimization problem is also provided.
Parameters
----------
name : str
A name for this object. Used to distinguish between DVCon objects
if multiple DVConstraint objects are used in an optimization.
"""
def __init__(self, name="DVCon1"):
"""
Create a (empty) DVConstraints object. Specific types of
constraints will added individually
"""
self.name = name
self.constraints = OrderedDict()
self.linearCon = OrderedDict()
# Data for the discrete surface
self.surfaces = {}
self.DVGeometries = {}
[docs]
def setSurface(self, surf, name="default", addToDVGeo=False, DVGeoName="default", surfFormat="point-vector"):
"""
Set the surface DVConstraints will use to perform projections.
Parameters
----------
surf : pyGeo object or list or str
The triangulated surface representation to use for projections.
There are a few possible ways of defining a surface.
1) A pyGeo surface object. `surfFormat` must be "point-vector".
2) List of [p0, v1, v2] with `surfFormat` "point-vector".
3) List of [p0, p1, p2] with `surfFormat` "point-point".
4) Path to a PLOT3D surface file. `surfFormat` must be "point-vector".
Option 2 is the most common, where the list is computed by an AeroSolver like ADflow.
addToDVGeo : bool
Flag to embed the surface point set in a DVGeo object.
If True, `DVGeoName` must be set appropriately.
name : str
Name associated with the surface. Must be unique. For backward compatibility,
the name is 'default' by default
DVGeoName : str
Name of the DVGeo object to set the surface to. You only
need to set this if you're using multiple DVGeo objects
for a problem. For backward compatibility, the name is 'default' by default
surfFormat : str
The surface format. Either "point-vector" or "point-point".
See `surf` for details.
Examples
--------
>>> CFDsolver = ADFLOW(comm=comm, options=aeroOptions)
>>> surf = CFDsolver.getTriangulatedMeshSurface()
>>> DVCon.setSurface(surf)
>>> # Or using a pyGeo surface object:
>>> surf = pyGeo('iges',fileName='wing.igs')
>>> DVCon.setSurface(surf)
"""
if name in self.surfaces.keys():
raise KeyError("Surface names must be unique. Repeated surface name: " + str(name))
self.surfaces[name] = []
if surfFormat == "point-vector":
if isinstance(surf, list):
# Data from ADflow
p0 = np.array(surf[0])
v1 = np.array(surf[1])
v2 = np.array(surf[2])
elif isinstance(surf, str):
# Load the surf as a plot3d file
p0, v1, v2 = readPlot3DSurfFile(surf)
elif isinstance(surf, pyGeo): # Assume it's a pyGeo surface
p0, v1, v2 = self._generateDiscreteSurface(surf)
else:
raise TypeError("surf given is not a supported type [List, plot3D file name, or pyGeo surface]")
p1 = p0 + v1
p2 = p0 + v2
elif surfFormat == "point-point":
if isinstance(surf, str):
# load from file
raise NotImplementedError
elif isinstance(surf, list):
# for now, do NOT add the object geometry to dvgeo
p0 = np.array(surf[0])
p1 = np.array(surf[1])
p2 = np.array(surf[2])
elif isinstance(surf, np.ndarray):
surf_length = surf[:, 0, :].shape[0]
p0 = surf[:, 0, :].reshape(surf_length, 3)
p1 = surf[:, 1, :].reshape(surf_length, 3)
p2 = surf[:, 2, :].reshape(surf_length, 3)
else:
raise TypeError("surf given is not supported [list, np.ndarray]")
self.surfaces[name].append(p0)
self.surfaces[name].append(p1)
self.surfaces[name].append(p2)
if addToDVGeo:
self._checkDVGeo(name=DVGeoName)
self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName].addPointSet(self.surfaces[name][0], name + "_p0")
self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName].addPointSet(self.surfaces[name][1], name + "_p1")
self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName].addPointSet(self.surfaces[name][2], name + "_p2")
[docs]
def setDVGeo(self, DVGeo, name="default"):
"""
Set the DVGeometry object that will manipulate this object.
Note that DVConstraints doesn't **strictly** need a DVGeometry
object set, but if optimization is desired it is required.
Parameters
----------
dvGeo : A DVGeometry object.
Object responsible for manipulating the constraints that
this object is responsible for.
Examples
--------
>>> dvCon.setDVGeo(DVGeo)
"""
# double check that there are no design variables with shared names
# must be unique
for existing_DVGeo_name in self.DVGeometries:
existing_DVGeo = self.DVGeometries[existing_DVGeo_name]
for dvName in DVGeo.getVarNames():
for existing_dvName in existing_DVGeo.getVarNames():
if dvName == existing_dvName:
msg = (
f"Design variable {dvName} in the newly-added DVGeo already exists in DVGeo"
f"object named {existing_DVGeo_name} on this DVCon"
)
raise ValueError(msg)
self.DVGeometries[name] = DVGeo
[docs]
def addConstraintsPyOpt(self, optProb, exclude_wrt=None):
"""
Add all constraints to the optProb object. Only constraints
the that have the addToPyOpt flags are actually added.
Parameters
----------
optProb : pyOpt_optimization object
Optimization description to which the constraints are added
Examples
--------
>>> DVCon.addConstraintsPyOpt(optProb)
"""
# loop over the generated constraint objects and add the necessary
# constraints to pyOpt
for conTypeKey in self.constraints:
constraint = self.constraints[conTypeKey]
for key in constraint:
constraint[key].addConstraintsPyOpt(optProb, exclude_wrt=exclude_wrt)
# add the linear constraints separately, since they are treated a bit differently
for key in self.linearCon:
self.linearCon[key].addConstraintsPyOpt(optProb)
[docs]
def addVariablesPyOpt(self, optProb):
"""
Add all constraint variables to the optProb object.
Parameters
----------
optProb : pyOpt_optimization object
Optimization description to which the constraints are added
Examples
--------
>>> DVCon.addVariablesPyOpt(optProb)
"""
# loop over the generated constraint objects and add the necessary
# variables to pyOpt
for conTypeKey in self.constraints:
constraint = self.constraints[conTypeKey]
for key in constraint:
constraint[key].addVariablesPyOpt(optProb)
# linear constraints are ignored because at the moment there are no linear
# constraints that have independent variables
[docs]
def setDesignVars(self, dvDict):
"""
Standard routine for setting design variables from a design
variable dictionary.
Parameters
----------
dvDict : dict
Dictionary of design variables. The keys of the dictionary
must correspond to the design variable names. Any
additional keys in the dv dictionary are simply ignored.
"""
# loop over the generated constraint objects and add the necessary
# variables to pyOpt
for conTypeKey in self.constraints:
constraint = self.constraints[conTypeKey]
for key in constraint:
constraint[key].setDesignVars(dvDict)
# linear constraints are ignored because at the moment there are no linear
# constraints that have independent variables
[docs]
def evalFunctions(self, funcs, includeLinear=False, config=None):
"""
Evaluate all the 'functions' that this object has. Of course,
these functions are usually just the desired constraint
values. These values will be set directly into the funcs
dictionary.
Parameters
----------
funcs : dict
Dictionary into which the function values are placed.
includeLeTe : bool
Flag to include Leading/Trailing edge
constraints. Normally this can be false since pyOptSparse
does not need linear constraints to be returned.
"""
# loop over the generated constraints and evaluate their function values
for conTypeKey in self.constraints:
constraint = self.constraints[conTypeKey]
for key in constraint:
constraint[key].evalFunctions(funcs, config)
if includeLinear:
for key in self.linearCon:
self.linearCon[key].evalFunctions(funcs)
[docs]
def evalFunctionsSens(self, funcsSens, includeLinear=False, config=None):
"""
Evaluate the derivative of all the 'functions' that this
object has. These functions are just the constraint values.
These values will be set directly in the funcSens dictionary.
Parameters
----------
funcSens : dict
Dictionary into which the sensitivities are added.
includeLeTe : bool
Flag to include Leading/Trailing edge
constraints. Normally this can be false since pyOptSparse
does not need linear constraints to be returned.
"""
# loop over the generated constraints and evaluate their function values
for conTypeKey in self.constraints:
constraint = self.constraints[conTypeKey]
for key in constraint:
constraint[key].evalFunctionsSens(funcsSens, config)
if includeLinear:
for key in self.linearCon:
self.linearCon[key].evalFunctionsSens(funcsSens)
[docs]
def writeTecplot(self, fileName):
"""
This function writes a visualization file for constraints. All
currently added constraints are written to a tecplot. This is
useful for publication purposes as well as determine if the
constraints are *actually* what the user expects them to be.
Parameters
----------
fileName : str
File name for tecplot file. Should have a .dat extension or a
.dat extension will be added automatically.
"""
f = open(fileName, "w")
f.write('TITLE = "DVConstraints Data"\n')
f.write('VARIABLES = "CoordinateX" "CoordinateY" "CoordinateZ"\n')
# loop over the constraints and add their data to the tecplot file
for conTypeKey in self.constraints:
constraint = self.constraints[conTypeKey]
for key in constraint:
constraint[key].writeTecplot(f)
for key in self.linearCon:
self.linearCon[key].writeTecplot(f)
f.close()
[docs]
def writeSurfaceTecplot(self, fileName, surfaceName="default", fromDVGeo=None):
"""
Write the triangulated surface mesh used in the constraint object
to a tecplot file for visualization.
Parameters
----------
fileName : str
File name for tecplot file. Should have a .dat extension.
surfaceName : str
Which DVConstraints surface to write to file (default is 'default')
fromDVGeo : str or None
Name of the DVGeo object to obtain the surface from (default is 'None' in which case the surface is obtained
from self.surfaces, which will always be the original surface)
"""
p0, p1, p2 = self._getSurfaceVertices(surfaceName, fromDVGeo)
f = open(fileName, "w")
f.write('TITLE = "DVConstraints Surface Mesh"\n')
f.write('VARIABLES = "CoordinateX" "CoordinateY" "CoordinateZ"\n')
f.write("Zone T=%s\n" % ("surf"))
f.write("Nodes = %d, Elements = %d ZONETYPE=FETRIANGLE\n" % (len(p0) * 3, len(p0)))
f.write("DATAPACKING=POINT\n")
for i in range(len(p0)):
points = [p0[i], p1[i], p2[i]]
for j in range(len(points)):
f.write(f"{points[j][0]:f} {points[j][1]:f} {points[j][2]:f}\n")
for i in range(len(p0)):
f.write("%d %d %d\n" % (3 * i + 1, 3 * i + 2, 3 * i + 3))
f.close()
[docs]
def writeSurfaceSTL(self, fileName, surfaceName="default", fromDVGeo=None):
"""
Write the triangulated surface mesh to a .STL file for manipulation and visualization.
Parameters
----------
fileName : str
File name for stl file. Should have a .stl extension.
surfaceName : str
Which DVConstraints surface to write to file (default is 'default')
fromDVGeo : str or None
Name of the DVGeo object to obtain the surface from (default is 'None' in which case the surface is obtained
from self.surfaces, which will always be the original surface)
"""
try:
# External modules
from stl import mesh
except ImportError as e:
raise ImportError("numpy-stl package must be installed") from e
p0, p1, p2 = self._getSurfaceVertices(surfaceName, fromDVGeo)
stlmesh = mesh.Mesh(np.zeros(p0.shape[0], dtype=mesh.Mesh.dtype))
stlmesh.vectors[:, 0, :] = p0
stlmesh.vectors[:, 1, :] = p1
stlmesh.vectors[:, 2, :] = p2
stlmesh.save(fileName)
[docs]
def addThicknessConstraints2D(
self,
leList,
teList,
nSpan,
nChord,
lower=1.0,
upper=3.0,
scaled=True,
scale=1.0,
name=None,
addToPyOpt=True,
surfaceName="default",
DVGeoName="default",
compNames=None,
projected=False,
):
r"""
Add a set of thickness constraints that span a logically a
two-dimensional region. A little ASCII art can help here
.. code-block:: text
Planform view of the wing: The '+' are the (three dimensional)
points that are supplied in leList and teList. The 'o' is described below.
Physical extent of wing
\
__________________________\_________
| |
+-----------+--o-----------+ |
| / \ |
| leList teList \ |
| \ \ |
+------------------------------+ |
| |
|__________________________________/
Things to consider:
* The region given by leList and teList must lie completely
inside the wing
* The number of points in leList and teList do not need to be
the same length.
* The leading and trailing edges are approximated using
2-order splines (line segments) and nSpan points are
interpolated in a linear fashion. For integer nSpan, the thickness
constraint may not correspond *exactly* to intermediate
locations in leList and teList. In the example above,
with len(leList)=3 and nSpan=3, the three thickness
constraints on the leading edge of the 2D domain would be at
the left and right boundaries, and at the point denoted by
'o' which is equidistant between the root and tip.
To match intermediate locations exactly, pass a list for nSpan.
* If a curved leading or trailing edge domain is desired,
simply pass in lists for leList and teList with a sufficient
number of points that can be approximated with straight line
segments.
* The two-dimensional data is projected onto the surface along
the normals of the ruled surface formed by leList and teList
* Normally, leList and teList are in given such that the the two curves
entirely lie in a plane. This ensure that the projection vectors
are always exactly normal to this plane.
* If the surface formed by leList and teList is NOT precisely
normal, issues can arise near the end of an open surface (ie
root of a single wing) which can result in failing
intersections.
Parameters
----------
leList : list or array
A list or array of points (size should be (Nx3) where N is
at least 2) defining the 'leading edge' or the start of the
domain.
teList : list or array
Same as leList but for the trailing edge.
nSpan : int or list of int
The number of thickness constraints to be (linear)
interpolated *along* the leading and trailing edges.
A list of length N-1 can be used to specify the number
for each segment defined by leList and teList and
precisely match intermediate locations.
nChord : int
The number of thickness constraints to be (linearly)
interpolated between the leading and trailing edges.
lower : float or array of size (nSpan x nChord)
The lower bound for the constraint. A single float will
apply the same bounds to all constraints, while the array
option will use different bounds for each constraint.
upper : float or array of size (nSpan x nChord)
The upper bound for the constraint. A single float will
apply the same bounds to all constraints, while the array
option will use different bounds for each constraint.
scaled : bool
Flag specifying whether or not the constraint is to be
implemented in a scaled fashion or not.
* scaled=True: The initial length of each thickness
constraint is defined to be 1.0. In this case, the lower
and upper bounds are given in multiple of the initial
length. lower=0.85, upper=1.15, would allow for 15%
change in each direction from the original length. For
aerodynamic shape optimizations, this option is used
most often.
* scaled=False: No scaling is applied and the physical lengths
must be specified for the lower and upper bounds.
scale : float or array of size (nSpan x nChord)
This is the optimization scaling of the
constraint. Typically this parameter will not need to be
changed. If the thickness constraints are scaled, this
already results in well-scaled constraint values, and
scale can be left at 1.0. If scaled=False, it may changed
to a more suitable value of the resulting physical
thickness have magnitudes vastly different than O(1).
name : str
Normally this does not need to be set. Only use this if
you have multiple DVCon objects and the constraint names
need to be distinguished **or** the values are to be used
in a subsequent computation.
addToPyOpt : bool
Normally this should be left at the default of True. If
the values need to be processed (modified) *before* they are
given to the optimizer, set this flag to False.
surfaceName : str
Name of the surface to project to. This should be the same
as the surfaceName provided when setSurface() was called.
For backward compatibility, the name is 'default' by default.
DVGeoName : str
Name of the DVGeo object to compute the constraint with. You only
need to set this if you're using multiple DVGeo objects
for a problem. For backward compatibility, the name is 'default' by default
compNames : list
If using DVGeometryMulti, the components to which the point set associated
with this constraint should be added.
If None, the point set is added to all components.
projected : bool
Use the component of the toothpick thickness aligned with
the original thickness direction.
Examples
--------
>>> # Take unique square in x-z plane and and 10 along z-direction (spanWise)
>>> # and the along x-direction (chordWise)
>>> leList = [[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
>>> teList = [[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
>>> DVCon.addThicknessConstraints2D(leList, teList, 10, 3,
lower=1.0, scaled=True)
"""
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeoName)
coords = self._generateIntersections(leList, teList, nSpan, nChord, surfaceName)
# Get the total number of spanwise sections
nSpanTotal = np.sum(nSpan)
# Create the thickness constraint object:
coords = coords.reshape((nSpanTotal * nChord * 2, 3))
typeName = "thickCon"
if typeName not in self.constraints:
self.constraints[typeName] = OrderedDict()
upper = convertTo2D(upper, nSpanTotal, nChord).flatten()
lower = convertTo2D(lower, nSpanTotal, nChord).flatten()
scale = convertTo2D(scale, nSpanTotal, nChord).flatten()
# Create a name
if name is None:
conName = "%s_thickness_constraints_%d" % (self.name, len(self.constraints[typeName]))
else:
conName = name
if projected:
thickness_class = ProjectedThicknessConstraint
else:
thickness_class = ThicknessConstraint
self.constraints[typeName][conName] = thickness_class(
conName, coords, lower, upper, scaled, scale, self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName], addToPyOpt, compNames
)
[docs]
def addThicknessConstraints1D(
self,
ptList,
nCon,
axis,
lower=1.0,
upper=3.0,
scaled=True,
scale=1.0,
name=None,
addToPyOpt=True,
surfaceName="default",
DVGeoName="default",
compNames=None,
projected=False,
):
r"""
Add a set of thickness constraints oriented along a poly-line.
See below for a schematic
.. code-block:: text
Planform view of the wing: The '+' are the (three dimensional)
points that are supplied in ptList:
Physical extent of wing
\
__________________________\_________
| + |
| -/ |
| / |
| +-------+-----+ |
| 4-points defining |
| poly-line |
| |
|__________________________________/
Parameters
----------
ptList : list or array of size (N x 3) where N >=2
The list of points forming a poly-line along which the
thickness constraints will be added.
nCon : int
The number of thickness constraints to add
axis : list or array of length 3
The direction along which the projections will occur.
Typically this will be y or z axis ([0,1,0] or [0,0,1])
lower : float or array of size nCon
The lower bound for the constraint. A single float will
apply the same bounds to all constraints, while the array
option will use different bounds for each constraint.
upper : float or array of size nCon
The upper bound for the constraint. A single float will
apply the same bounds to all constraints, while the array
option will use different bounds for each constraint.
scaled : bool
Flag specifying whether or not the constraint is to be
implemented in a scaled fashion or not.
* scaled=True: The initial length of each thickness
constraint is defined to be 1.0. In this case, the lower
and upper bounds are given in multiple of the initial
length. lower=0.85, upper=1.15, would allow for 15%
change in each direction from the original length. For
aerodynamic shape optimizations, this option is used
most often.
* scaled=False: No scaling is applied and the physical lengths
must be specified for the lower and upper bounds.
scale : float or array of size nCon
This is the optimization scaling of the
constraint. Typically this parameter will not need to be
changed. If the thickness constraints are scaled, this
already results in well-scaled constraint values, and
scale can be left at 1.0. If scaled=False, it may changed
to a more suitable value of the resulting physical
thickness have magnitudes vastly different than O(1).
name : str
Normally this does not need to be set. Only use this if
you have multiple DVCon objects and the constraint names
need to be distinguished **or** you are using this set of
thickness constraints for something other than a direct
constraint in pyOptSparse.
addToPyOpt : bool
Normally this should be left at the default of True. If
the values need to be processed (modified) *before* they are
given to the optimizer, set this flag to False.
surfaceName : str
Name of the surface to project to. This should be the same
as the surfaceName provided when setSurface() was called.
For backward compatibility, the name is 'default' by default.
DVGeoName : str
Name of the DVGeo object to compute the constraint with. You only
need to set this if you're using multiple DVGeo objects
for a problem. For backward compatibility, the name is 'default' by default
compNames : list
If using DVGeometryMulti, the components to which the point set associated
with this constraint should be added.
If None, the point set is added to all components.
projected : bool
Use the component of the toothpick thickness aligned with
the original thickness direction.
"""
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeoName)
p0, p1, p2 = self._getSurfaceVertices(surfaceName=surfaceName)
# Create mesh of intersections
constr_line = Curve(X=ptList, k=2)
s = np.linspace(0, 1, nCon)
X = constr_line(s)
coords = np.zeros((nCon, 2, 3))
# Project all the points
for i in range(nCon):
# Project actual node:
up, down, fail = geo_utils.projectNode(X[i], axis, p0, p1 - p0, p2 - p0)
if fail > 0:
raise Error(
"There was an error projecting a node "
"at (%f, %f, %f) with normal (%f, %f, %f)." % (X[i, 0], X[i, 1], X[i, 2], axis[0], axis[1], axis[2])
)
coords[i, 0] = up
coords[i, 1] = down
# Create the thickness constraint object:
coords = coords.reshape((nCon * 2, 3))
typeName = "thickCon"
if typeName not in self.constraints:
self.constraints[typeName] = OrderedDict()
if name is None:
conName = "%s_thickness_constraints_%d" % (self.name, len(self.constraints[typeName]))
else:
conName = name
if projected:
thickness_class = ProjectedThicknessConstraint
else:
thickness_class = ThicknessConstraint
self.constraints[typeName][conName] = thickness_class(
conName, coords, lower, upper, scaled, scale, self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName], addToPyOpt, compNames
)
[docs]
def addProximityConstraints(
self,
ptList,
vecList,
surfA,
surfB,
pointSetKwargsA=None,
pointSetKwargsB=None,
lower=1.0,
upper=3.0,
scaled=True,
scale=1.0,
name=None,
addToPyOpt=True,
DVGeoName="default",
compNames=None,
):
r"""
Add "toothpick" thickness constraints between multiple surfaces.
This can be used to control proximity of multiple components,
each defined with its own surface. Surfaces must move in the same
direction as the constraint orientation to prevent skewness.
i.e, if the toothpicks are oriented in the y-direction,
the surfaces must only move in the y-direction.
Parameters
----------
ptList : list or array of size (N x 3)
Together with the vecList, these points will be used to
determine the intersections with each component surface.
vecList : list or array of size (N x 3)
Directions that originate from each point in ptList
that define the search vector directions for component
surface intersections. The vector direction should
point to component A, and the opposite direction should
point to component B
surfA : str
Name of the DVCon surface mesh that defines component A
surfB : str
Name of the DVCon surface mesh that defines component B
pointSetKwargsA : dict
The dictionary of keyword arguments to be passed to DVGeo
when points on component A is added to DVGeo. The most common
use case is to pick which child FFDs are active for this point.
This is an optional argument. The default behavior adds toothpick
points to DVGeo like any other point.
pointSetKwargsB : dict
The dictionary of keyword arguments to be passed to DVGeo
when points on component B is added to DVGeo. The most common
use case is to pick which child FFDs are active for this point.
This is an optional argument. The default behavior adds toothpick
points to DVGeo like any other point.
lower : float or array of size nCon
The lower bound for the constraint. A single float will
apply the same bounds to all constraints, while the array
option will use different bounds for each constraint.
upper : float or array of size nCon
The upper bound for the constraint. A single float will
apply the same bounds to all constraints, while the array
option will use different bounds for each constraint.
scaled : bool
Flag specifying whether or not the constraint is to be
implemented in a scaled fashion or not.
* scaled=True: The initial length of each thickness
constraint is defined to be 1.0. In this case, the lower
and upper bounds are given in multiple of the initial
length. lower=0.85, upper=1.15, would allow for 15%
change in each direction from the original length. For
aerodynamic shape optimizations, this option is used
most often.
* scaled=False: No scaling is applied and the physical lengths
must be specified for the lower and upper bounds.
scale : float or array of size nCon
This is the optimization scaling of the
constraint. Typically this parameter will not need to be
changed. If the thickness constraints are scaled, this
already results in well-scaled constraint values, and
scale can be left at 1.0. If scaled=False, it may changed
to a more suitable value of the resulting physical
thickness have magnitudes vastly different than O(1).
name : str
Normally this does not need to be set. Only use this if
you have multiple DVCon objects and the constraint names
need to be distinguished **or** you are using this set of
thickness constraints for something other than a direct
constraint in pyOptSparse.
addToPyOpt : bool
Normally this should be left at the default of True. If
the values need to be processed (modified) *before* they are
given to the optimizer, set this flag to False.
DVGeoName : str
Name of the DVGeo object to compute the constraint with. You only
need to set this if you're using multiple DVGeo objects
for a problem. For backward compatibility, the name is 'default' by default
compNames : list
If using DVGeometryMulti, the components to which the point set associated
with this constraint should be added.
If None, the point set is added to all components.
"""
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeoName)
if pointSetKwargsA is None:
pointSetKwargsA = {}
if pointSetKwargsB is None:
pointSetKwargsB = {}
ptList = np.atleast_2d(ptList)
vecList = np.atleast_2d(vecList)
nCon = ptList.shape[0]
if nCon != vecList.shape[0]:
raise Error(
"The vecList argument of addProximityConstraints needs to have the same number of vectors as the number of points."
)
coordsA = np.zeros((nCon, 3))
coordsB = np.zeros((nCon, 3))
# get the intersections with both components A and B
p0A, p1A, p2A = self._getSurfaceVertices(surfaceName=surfA)
v1A = p1A - p0A
v2A = p2A - p0A
p0B, p1B, p2B = self._getSurfaceVertices(surfaceName=surfB)
v1B = p1B - p0B
v2B = p2B - p0B
# Project all the points
for ii in range(nCon):
# get the point and vector
pt = ptList[ii]
vec = vecList[ii]
# Projections. Surf A first.
projA, fail = geo_utils.projectNodePosOnly(pt, vec, p0A, v1A, v2A)
if fail > 0:
raise Error(
"There was an error projecting a node to surf A "
"at (%f, %f, %f) with normal (%f, %f, %f)." % (pt[0], pt[1], pt[2], vec[0], vec[1], vec[2])
)
# Surf B.
projB, fail = geo_utils.projectNodePosOnly(pt, -vec, p0B, v1B, v2B)
if fail > 0:
raise Error(
"There was an error projecting a node to surf B"
"at (%f, %f, %f) with normal (%f, %f, %f)." % (pt[0], pt[1], pt[2], -vec[0], -vec[1], -vec[2])
)
coordsA[ii] = projA
coordsB[ii] = projB
# Create the thickness constraint object:
typeName = "thickCon"
if typeName not in self.constraints:
self.constraints[typeName] = OrderedDict()
if name is None:
conName = "%s_proximity_constraints_%d" % (self.name, len(self.constraints[typeName]))
else:
conName = name
self.constraints[typeName][conName] = ProximityConstraint(
conName,
coordsA,
coordsB,
pointSetKwargsA,
pointSetKwargsB,
lower,
upper,
scaled,
scale,
self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName],
addToPyOpt,
compNames,
)
[docs]
def addLERadiusConstraints(
self,
leList,
nSpan,
axis,
chordDir,
lower=1.0,
upper=3.0,
scaled=True,
scale=1.0,
name=None,
addToPyOpt=True,
surfaceName="default",
DVGeoName="default",
compNames=None,
):
r"""
Add a set of leading edge radius constraints. The constraint is set up
similar to the 1D thickness or thickness-to-chord constraints. The user
provides a polyline near the leading edge and specifies how many
locations should be sampled along the polyline. The sampled points are
then projected to the upper and lower surface along the provided axis.
A third projection is made to the leading edge along chordDir. We then
compute the radius of the circle circumscribed by these three points.
In order for this radius calculation to be a reasonable approximation
for the actual leading edge radius, it is critical that the polyline be
drawn very close to the leading edge (less than 0.5% chord). We include
a check to make sure that the points fall on the same hemisphere of the
circumscribed circle, however we recommend that the user export the
Tecplot view of the constraint using the writeTecplot function to verify
that the circles do coincide with the leading edge radius.
See below for a schematic
.. code-block:: text
Planform view of the wing: The '+' are the (three dimensional)
points that are supplied in leList:
Physical extent of wing
\
__________________________\_________
| +-------+-----+-------+-----+ |
| 5 points defining |
| poly-line |
| |
| |
| |
|__________________________________/
Parameters
----------
leList : list or array of size (N x 3) where N >=2
The list of points forming a poly-line along which the
thickness constraints will be added.
nSpan : int
The number of thickness constraints to add. If nSpan is provided
as -1, then leList is used directly and the number of radius
constraints will be equal to the number of points in leList
axis : list or array of length 3
The direction along which the up-down projections will occur.
Typically this will be y or z axis ([0,1,0] or [0,0,1])
chordDir : list or array or length 3
The vector pointing from the leList to the leading edge. This will
typically be the negative xaxis ([-1,0,0]). The magnitude of the
vector doesn't matter, but the direction does.
lower : float or array of size nSpan
The lower bound for the constraint. A single float will
apply the same bounds to all constraints, while the array
option will use different bounds for each constraint.
upper : float or array of size nSpan
The upper bound for the constraint. A single float will
apply the same bounds to all constraints, while the array
option will use different bounds for each constraint.
scaled : bool
Flag specifying whether or not the constraint is to be
implemented in a scaled fashion or not.
* scaled=True: The initial radius of each constraint is defined to
be 1.0. In this case, the lower and upper bounds are given in
multiples of the initial radius. lower=0.85, upper=1.15, would
allow for 15% change in each direction from the original radius.
* scaled=False: No scaling is applied and the physical radii
must be specified for the lower and upper bounds.
scale : float or array of size nSpan
This is the optimization scaling of the constraint. Typically this
parameter will not need to be changed. If the radius constraints are
scaled, this already results in well-scaled constraint values, and
scale can be left at 1.0. If scaled=False, it may be changed to a
more suitable value if the resulting physical thickness have
magnitudes vastly different than O(1).
name : str
Normally this does not need to be set. Only use this if you have
multiple DVCon objects and the constraint names need to be
distinguished **or** you are using this set of thickness constraints
for something other than a direct constraint in pyOptSparse.
addToPyOpt : bool
Normally this should be left at the default of True. If
the values need to be processed (modified) *before* they are
given to the optimizer, set this flag to False.
surfaceName : str
Name of the surface to project to. This should be the same
as the surfaceName provided when setSurface() was called.
For backward compatibility, the name is 'default' by default.
DVGeoName : str
Name of the DVGeo object to compute the constraint with. You only
need to set this if you're using multiple DVGeo objects
for a problem. For backward compatibility, the name is 'default' by default
compNames : list
If using DVGeometryMulti, the components to which the point set associated
with this constraint should be added.
If None, the point set is added to all components.
"""
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeoName)
# determine the seed points for the constraint
if nSpan == -1:
nSpan = len(leList)
X = leList.copy()
else:
constr_line = Curve(X=leList, k=2)
s = np.linspace(0, 1, nSpan)
X = constr_line(s)
coords = np.zeros((nSpan, 3, 3))
# Create surface intersections
p0, p1, p2 = self._getSurfaceVertices(surfaceName=surfaceName)
# Project all the points
for i in range(nSpan):
# Project actual node:
up, down, fail = geo_utils.projectNode(X[i], axis, p0, p1 - p0, p2 - p0)
if fail > 0:
raise Error(
"There was an error projecting a node "
"at (%f, %f, %f) with normal (%f, %f, %f)." % (X[i, 0], X[i, 1], X[i, 2], axis[0], axis[1], axis[2])
)
coords[i, 0] = up
coords[i, 1] = down
# Calculate mid-points
midPts = (coords[:, 0, :] + coords[:, 1, :]) / 2.0
# Project to get leading edge point
lePts = np.zeros((nSpan, 3))
chordDir = np.array(chordDir, dtype="d").flatten()
chordDir /= np.linalg.norm(chordDir)
for i in range(nSpan):
# Project actual node:
lePts[i], fail = geo_utils.projectNodePosOnly(X[i], chordDir, p0, p1 - p0, p2 - p0)
if fail > 0:
raise Error(
"There was an error projecting a node "
"at (%f, %f, %f) in direction (%f, %f, %f)."
% (X[i, 0], X[i, 1], X[i, 2], chordDir[0], chordDir[1], chordDir[2])
)
# Check that points can form radius
d = np.linalg.norm(coords[:, 0, :] - coords[:, 1, :], axis=1)
r = np.linalg.norm(midPts - lePts, axis=1)
for i in range(nSpan):
if d[i] < 2 * r[i]:
raise Error(
"Leading edge radius points are too far from the "
"leading edge point to form a circle between the "
"three points."
)
# Add leading edge points and stack points into shape accepted by DVGeo
coords[:, 2, :] = lePts
coords = np.vstack((coords[:, 0, :], coords[:, 1, :], coords[:, 2, :]))
# Create the thickness constraint object
typeName = "radiusCon"
if typeName not in self.constraints:
self.constraints[typeName] = OrderedDict()
if name is None:
conName = "%s_leradius_constraints_%d" % (self.name, len(self.constraints[typeName]))
else:
conName = name
self.constraints[typeName][conName] = RadiusConstraint(
conName, coords, lower, upper, scaled, scale, self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName], addToPyOpt, compNames
)
[docs]
def addLocationConstraints1D(
self,
ptList,
nCon,
lower=None,
upper=None,
scaled=False,
scale=1.0,
name=None,
addToPyOpt=True,
DVGeoName="default",
compNames=None,
):
"""
Add a polyline in space that cannot move.
Parameters
----------
ptList : list or array of size (N x 3) where N >=2
The list of points forming a poly-line along which the
points will be fixed.
nCon : int
The number of points constraints to add
lower : float or array of size nCon
The lower bound for the constraint. A single float will
apply the same bounds to all constraints, while the array
option will use different bounds for each constraint. If
no value is provided, the bounds will default to the points,
giving equality constraints. Using the default is recommended.
upper : float or array of size nCon
The upper bound for the constraint. A single float will
apply the same bounds to all constraints, while the array
option will use different bounds for each constraint. If
no value is provided, the bounds will default to the points,
giving equality constraints. Using the default is recommended.
scaled : bool
Flag specifying whether or not the constraint is to be
implemented in a scaled fashion or not.
* scaled=True: The initial location of each location
constraint is defined to be 1.0. In this case, the lower
and upper bounds are given in multiple of the initial
location. lower=0.85, upper=1.15, would allow for 15%
change in each direction from the original location. However,
for initial points close to zero this blows up, so this should
be used with caution, therefore unscaled is the default.
* scaled=False: No scaling is applied and the physical locations
must be specified for the lower and upper bounds.
scale : float or array of size nCon
This is the optimization scaling of the
constraint. Typically this parameter will not need to be
changed. If the location constraints are scaled, this
already results in well-scaled constraint values, and
scale can be left at 1.0. If scaled=False, it may changed
to a more suitable value if the resulting physical
location have magnitudes vastly different than O(1).
name : str
Normally this does not need to be set. Only use this if
you have multiple DVCon objects and the constraint names
need to be distinguished **or** you are using this set of
location constraints for something other than a direct
constraint in pyOptSparse.
addToPyOpt : bool
Normally this should be left at the default of True. If
the values need to be processed (modified) *before* they are
given to the optimizer, set this flag to False.
DVGeoName : str
Name of the DVGeo object to compute the constraint with. You only
need to set this if you're using multiple DVGeo objects
for a problem. For backward compatibility, the name is 'default' by default
compNames : list
If using DVGeometryMulti, the components to which the point set associated
with this constraint should be added.
If None, the point set is added to all components.
"""
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeoName)
# Create the points to constrain
constr_line = Curve(X=ptList, k=2)
s = np.linspace(0, 1, nCon)
X = constr_line(s)
# X should now be in the shape we need
if lower is None:
lower = X.flatten()
if upper is None:
upper = X.flatten()
# Create the location constraint object
typeName = "locCon"
if typeName not in self.constraints:
self.constraints[typeName] = OrderedDict()
if name is None:
conName = "%s_location_constraints_%d" % (self.name, len(self.constraints[typeName]))
else:
conName = name
self.constraints[typeName][conName] = LocationConstraint(
conName, X, lower, upper, scaled, scale, self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName], addToPyOpt, compNames
)
[docs]
def addProjectedLocationConstraints1D(
self,
ptList,
nCon,
axis,
bias=0.5,
lower=None,
upper=None,
scaled=False,
scale=1.0,
name=None,
addToPyOpt=True,
surfaceName="default",
DVGeoName="default",
compNames=None,
):
"""This is similar to addLocationConstraints1D except that the actual
poly line is determined by first projecting points on to the
surface in a similar manner as addConstraints1D, and then
taking the mid-point (or user specificed fraction) blend of
the upper and lower surface locations.
Parameters
----------
ptList : list or array of size (N x 3) where N >=2
The list of points from which to perform the projection
nCon : int
The number of points constraints to add
axis : list or array of length 3
The direction along which the projections will occur.
Typically this will be y or z axis ([0,1,0] or [0,0,1])
bias : float
The blending of the upper/lower surface points to use. Default
is 0.5 which is the average. 0.0 cooresponds to taking the
lower point, 1.0 the upper point.
lower : float or array of size nCon
The lower bound for the constraint. A single float will
apply the same bounds to all constraints, while the array
option will use different bounds for each constraint. If
no value is provided, the bounds will default to the points,
giving equality constraints. Using the default is recommended.
upper : float or array of size nCon
The upper bound for the constraint. A single float will
apply the same bounds to all constraints, while the array
option will use different bounds for each constraint. If
no value is provided, the bounds will default to the points,
giving equality constraints. Using the default is recommended.
scaled : bool
Flag specifying whether or not the constraint is to be
implemented in a scaled fashion or not.
* scaled=True: The initial location of each location
constraint is defined to be 1.0. In this case, the lower
and upper bounds are given in multiple of the initial
location. lower=0.85, upper=1.15, would allow for 15%
change in each direction from the original location. However,
for initial points close to zero this blows up, so this should
be used with caution, therefore unscaled is the default.
* scaled=False: No scaling is applied and the physical locations
must be specified for the lower and upper bounds.
scale : float or array of size nCon
This is the optimization scaling of the
constraint. Typically this parameter will not need to be
changed. If the location constraints are scaled, this
already results in well-scaled constraint values, and
scale can be left at 1.0. If scaled=False, it may changed
to a more suitable value if the resulting physical
location have magnitudes vastly different than O(1).
name : str
Normally this does not need to be set. Only use this if
you have multiple DVCon objects and the constraint names
need to be distinguished **or** you are using this set of
location constraints for something other than a direct
constraint in pyOptSparse.
addToPyOpt : bool
Normally this should be left at the default of True. If
the values need to be processed (modified) *before* they are
given to the optimizer, set this flag to False.
DVGeoName : str
Name of the DVGeo object to compute the constraint with. You only
need to set this if you're using multiple DVGeo objects
for a problem. For backward compatibility, the name is 'default' by default
compNames : list
If using DVGeometryMulti, the components to which the point set associated
with this constraint should be added.
If None, the point set is added to all components.
"""
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeoName)
# Create the points to constrain
p0, p1, p2 = self._getSurfaceVertices(surfaceName=surfaceName)
constr_line = Curve(X=ptList, k=2)
s = np.linspace(0, 1, nCon)
X = constr_line(s)
coords = np.zeros((nCon, 2, 3))
# Project all the points
for i in range(nCon):
# Project actual node:
up, down, fail = geo_utils.projectNode(X[i], axis, p0, p1 - p0, p2 - p0)
if fail > 0:
raise Error(
"There was an error projecting a node "
"at (%f, %f, %f) with normal (%f, %f, %f)." % (X[i, 0], X[i, 1], X[i, 2], axis[0], axis[1], axis[2])
)
coords[i, 0] = up
coords[i, 1] = down
X = (1 - bias) * coords[:, 1] + bias * coords[:, 0]
# X is now what we want to constrain
if lower is None:
lower = X.flatten()
if upper is None:
upper = X.flatten()
# Create the location constraint object
typeName = "locCon"
if typeName not in self.constraints:
self.constraints[typeName] = OrderedDict()
if name is None:
conName = "%s_location_constraints_%d" % (self.name, len(self.constraints[typeName]))
else:
conName = name
self.constraints[typeName][conName] = LocationConstraint(
conName, X, lower, upper, scaled, scale, self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName], addToPyOpt, compNames
)
[docs]
def addThicknessToChordConstraints1D(
self,
ptList,
nCon,
axis,
chordDir,
lower=1.0,
upper=3.0,
scale=1.0,
name=None,
addToPyOpt=True,
surfaceName="default",
DVGeoName="default",
compNames=None,
):
r"""
Add a set of thickness-to-chord ratio constraints oriented along a poly-line.
See below for a schematic
.. code-block:: text
Planform view of the wing: The '+' are the (three dimensional)
points that are supplied in ptList:
Physical extent of wing
\
__________________________\_________
| + |
| -/ |
| / |
| +-------+-----+ |
| 4-points defining |
| poly-line |
| |
|__________________________________/
Parameters
----------
ptList : list or array of size (N x 3) where N >=2
The list of points forming a poly-line along which the
thickness constraints will be added.
nCon : int
The number of thickness to chord ratio constraints to add
axis : list or array of length 3
The direction along which the projections will occur.
Typically this will be y or z axis ([0,1,0] or [0,0,1])
chordDir : list or array or length 3
The direction defining "chord". This will typically be the
xasis ([1,0,0]). The magnitude of the vector doesn't
matter.
lower : float or array of size nCon
The lower bound for the constraint. A single float will
apply the same bounds to all constraints, while the array
option will use different bounds for each constraint. This
constraint can only be used in "scaled" mode. That means,
the actual t/c is *never* computed. This constraint can
only be used to constrain the relative change in t/c. A
lower bound of 1.0, therefore mean the t/c cannot
decrease. This is the typical use of this constraint.
upper : float or array of size nCon
The upper bound for the constraint. A single float will
apply the same bounds to all constraints, while the array
option will use different bounds for each constraint.
scale : float or array of size nCon
This is the optimization scaling of the
constraint. Typically this parameter will not need to be
changed. If the thickness constraints are scaled, this
already results in well-scaled constraint values, and
scale can be left at 1.0. If scaled=False, it may changed
to a more suitable value of the resulting physical
thickness have magnitudes vastly different than O(1).
name : str
Normally this does not need to be set. Only use this if
you have multiple DVCon objects and the constraint names
need to be distinguished **or** you are using this set of
thickness constraints for something other than a direct
constraint in pyOptSparse.
addToPyOpt : bool
Normally this should be left at the default of True. If
the values need to be processed (modified) *before* they are
given to the optimizer, set this flag to False.
DVGeoName : str
Name of the DVGeo object to compute the constraint with. You only
need to set this if you're using multiple DVGeo objects
for a problem. For backward compatibility, the name is 'default' by default
compNames : list
If using DVGeometryMulti, the components to which the point set associated
with this constraint should be added.
If None, the point set is added to all components.
"""
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeoName)
p0, p1, p2 = self._getSurfaceVertices(surfaceName=surfaceName)
constr_line = Curve(X=ptList, k=2)
s = np.linspace(0, 1, nCon)
X = constr_line(s)
coords = np.zeros((nCon, 4, 3))
chordDir /= np.linalg.norm(np.array(chordDir, "d"))
# Project all the points
for i in range(nCon):
# Project actual node:
up, down, fail = geo_utils.projectNode(X[i], axis, p0, p1 - p0, p2 - p0)
if fail:
raise Error(
"There was an error projecting a node "
"at (%f, %f, %f) with normal (%f, %f, %f)." % (X[i, 0], X[i, 1], X[i, 2], axis[0], axis[1], axis[2])
)
coords[i, 0] = up
coords[i, 1] = down
height = np.linalg.norm(coords[i, 0] - coords[i, 1])
# Third point is the mid-point of those
coords[i, 2] = 0.5 * (up + down)
# Fourth point is along the chordDir
coords[i, 3] = coords[i, 2] + 0.1 * height * chordDir
# Create the thickness constraint object:
coords = coords.reshape((nCon * 4, 3))
typeName = "thickCon"
if typeName not in self.constraints:
self.constraints[typeName] = OrderedDict()
if name is None:
conName = "%s_thickness_to_chord_constraints_%d" % (self.name, len(self.constraints[typeName]))
else:
conName = name
self.constraints[typeName][conName] = ThicknessToChordConstraint(
conName, coords, lower, upper, scale, self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName], addToPyOpt, compNames
)
[docs]
def addTriangulatedSurfaceConstraint(
self,
comm,
surface_1_name=None,
DVGeo_1_name="default",
surface_2_name="default",
DVGeo_2_name="default",
rho=50.0,
heuristic_dist=None,
perim_scale=0.1,
max_perim=3.0,
name=None,
scale=1.0,
addToPyOpt=True,
):
"""
Add a single triangulated surface constraint to an aerosurface using Geograd.
This constraint is designed to keep a general 'blob' of watertight
geometry contained within an aerodynamic hull (e.g., a wing)
Parameters
----------
surface_1_name : str
The name of the first triangulated surface to constrain.
This should be the surface with the larger number of triangles.
By default, it's the ADflow triangulated surface mesh.
DVGeo_1_name : str or None
The name of the DVGeo object to associate surface_1 to.
If None, surface_1 will remain static during optimization.
By default, it's the 'default' DVGeo object.
surface_2_name : str
The name of the second triangulated surface to constrain.
This should be the surface with the smaller number of triangles.
DVGeo_2_name : str or None
The name of the DVGeo object to associate surface_2 to.
If None, surface_2 will remain static during optimization.
By default, it's the 'default' DVGeo object.
rho : float
The rho factor of the KS function of min distance.
heuristic_dist : float
The triangulated surface constraint uses a procedure to skip
pairs of facets that are farther apart than a heuristic distance
in order to save computation time. By default, this is set
to the maximum linear dimension of the second object's bounding box.
You can set this to a large number to compute an "exact" KS.
perim_scale : float
Apply a scaling factor to the intersection perimeter length.
max_perim : float
Maximum allowable intersection length before fail flag is returned
name : str
Normally this does not need to be set; a default name will
be generated automatically. Only use this if you have
multiple DVCon objects and the constraint names need to
be distinguished **OR** you are using this
computation for something other than a direct constraint
in pyOpt, i.e. it is required for a subsequent computation.
The MPhys wrapper sets this name for tracking in OpenMDAO.
scale : float
This is the optimization scaling of the
constraint. It may changed to a more suitable value of
the resulting physical volume magnitude is vastly different
from O(1).
addToPyOpt : bool
Normally this should be left at the default of True if this
is to be used as a constraint. If this to
used in a subsequent calculation and not a constraint
directly, addToPyOpt should be False, and name
specified to a logical name for this computation. with
addToPyOpt=False, the lower, upper and scale variables are
meaningless
"""
if DVGeo_1_name is not None:
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeo_1_name)
DVGeo1 = self.DVGeometries[DVGeo_1_name]
else:
DVGeo1 = None
if DVGeo_2_name is not None:
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeo_2_name)
DVGeo2 = self.DVGeometries[DVGeo_2_name]
else:
DVGeo2 = None
if DVGeo1 is None and DVGeo2 is None:
raise ValueError("At least one DVGeo object must be specified")
typeName = "triSurfCon"
if typeName not in self.constraints:
self.constraints[typeName] = OrderedDict()
if name is None:
conName = "%s_trisurf_constraint_%d" % (self.name, len(self.constraints[typeName]))
else:
conName = name
surface_1 = self._getSurfaceVertices(surface_1_name)
surface_2 = self._getSurfaceVertices(surface_2_name)
# Finally add constraint object
self.constraints[typeName][conName] = TriangulatedSurfaceConstraint(
comm,
conName,
surface_1,
surface_1_name,
DVGeo1,
surface_2,
surface_2_name,
DVGeo2,
scale,
addToPyOpt,
rho,
perim_scale,
max_perim,
heuristic_dist,
)
[docs]
def addTriangulatedVolumeConstraint(
self,
lower=1.0,
upper=99999.0,
scaled=True,
scale=1.0,
name=None,
surfaceName="default",
DVGeoName="default",
addToPyOpt=True,
):
"""
Add a single triangulated volume constraint to a surface.
Computes and constrains the volume of a closed, triangulated surface.
The surface normals must ALL be outward-oriented!
This is typical for most stl files but
should be verified in a program like Meshmixer.
Parameters
----------
lower : float
The lower bound for the volume constraint.
upper : float
The upper bound for the volume constraint.
scaled : bool
Flag specifying whether or not the constraint is to be
implemented in a scaled fashion or not.
* scaled=True: The initial volume is defined to be 1.0.
In this case, the lower and upper bounds are given in
multiple of the initial volume. lower=0.85, upper=1.15,
would allow for 15% change in volume both upper and
lower. For aerodynamic optimization, this is the most
widely used option .
* scaled=False: No scaling is applied and the physical
volume. lower and upper refer to the physical volumes.
scale : float
This is the optimization scaling of the
constraint. Typically this parameter will not need to be
changed. If scaled=True, this automatically results in a
well-scaled constraint and scale can be left at 1.0. If
scaled=False, it may changed to a more suitable value of
the resulting physical volume magnitude is vastly different
from O(1).
name : str
Normally this does not need to be set; a default name will
be generated automatically. Only use this if you have
multiple DVCon objects and the constraint names need to
be distinguished **OR** you are using this volume
computation for something other than a direct constraint
in pyOpt, i.e. it is required for a subsequent
computation.
surfaceName : str
Name the triangulated surface attached to DVConstraints which should
be used for the constraint. 'default' uses the main aerodynamic
surface mesh
DVGeoName : str
Name the DVGeo object affecting the geometry of the
surface. 'default' uses the main DVGeo object of the DVConstraints instance
addToPyOpt : bool
Normally this should be left at the default of True if the
volume is to be used as a constraint. If the volume is to
used in a subsequent calculation and not a constraint
directly, addToPyOpt should be False, and name
specified to a logical name for this computation. with
addToPyOpt=False, the lower, upper and scale variables are
meaningless
"""
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeoName)
DVGeo = self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName]
typeName = "triVolCon"
if typeName not in self.constraints:
self.constraints[typeName] = OrderedDict()
if name is None:
conName = "%s_trivolume_constraint_%d" % (self.name, len(self.constraints[typeName]))
else:
conName = name
surface = self._getSurfaceVertices(surfaceName)
# Finally add constraint object
self.constraints[typeName][conName] = TriangulatedVolumeConstraint(
conName, surface, surfaceName, lower, upper, scaled, scale, DVGeo, addToPyOpt
)
[docs]
def addVolumeConstraint(
self,
leList,
teList,
nSpan,
nChord,
lower=1.0,
upper=3.0,
scaled=True,
scale=1.0,
name=None,
addToPyOpt=True,
surfaceName="default",
DVGeoName="default",
compNames=None,
):
r"""
Add a single volume constraint to the wing. The volume
constraint is defined over a logically two-dimensional region
as shown below
.. code-block:: text
Planform view of the wing: The '+' are the (three dimensional)
points that are supplied in leList and teList.
Physical extent of wing
\
__________________________\_________
| |
+--------------------------+ |
| / (Volume in here) \ |
| leList teList \ |
| \ \ |
+------------------------------+ |
| |
|__________________________________/
The region defined by the '----' boundary in the figure above
will be meshed with nSpan x nChord points to form a 2D domain
and then projected up and down onto the surface to form 3D
hexahedral volumes. The accuracy of the volume computation
depends on how well these linear hexahedral volumes
approximate the (assumed) continuous underlying surface.
See `addThicknessConstraints2D` for additional information.
Parameters
----------
leList : list or array
A list or array of points (size should be (Nx3) where N is
at least 2) defining the 'leading edge' or the start of the
domain.
teList : list or array
Same as leList but for the trailing edge.
nSpan : int or list of int
The number of projected points to be (linear)
interpolated *along* the leading and trailing edges.
A list of length N-1 can be used to specify the number
for each segment defined by leList and teList and
precisely match intermediate locations.
nChord : int
The number of projected points to be (linearly)
interpolated between the leading and trailing edges.
lower : float
The lower bound for the volume constraint.
upper : float
The upper bound for the volume constraint.
scaled : bool
Flag specifying whether or not the constraint is to be
implemented in a scaled fashion or not.
* scaled=True: The initial volume is defined to be 1.0.
In this case, the lower and upper bounds are given in
multiple of the initial volume. lower=0.85, upper=1.15,
would allow for 15% change in volume both upper and
lower. For aerodynamic optimization, this is the most
widely used option .
* scaled=False: No scaling is applied and the physical
volume. lower and upper refer to the physical volumes.
scale : float
This is the optimization scaling of the
constraint. Typically this parameter will not need to be
changed. If scaled=True, this automatically results in a
well-scaled constraint and scale can be left at 1.0. If
scaled=False, it may changed to a more suitable value of
the resulting physical volume magnitude is vastly different
from O(1).
name : str
Normally this does not need to be set; a default name will
be generated automatically. Only use this if you have
multiple DVCon objects and the constraint names need to
be distinguished **OR** you are using this volume
computation for something other than a direct constraint
in pyOpt, i.e. it is required for a subsequent
computation.
addToPyOpt : bool
Normally this should be left at the default of True if the
volume is to be used as a constraint. If the volume is to
used in a subsequent calculation and not a constraint
directly, addToPyOpt should be False, and name
specified to a logical name for this computation. with
addToPyOpt=False, the lower, upper and scale variables are
meaningless
surfaceName : str
Name of the surface to project to. This should be the same
as the surfaceName provided when setSurface() was called.
For backward compatibility, the name is 'default' by default.
DVGeoName : str
Name of the DVGeo object to compute the constraint with. You only
need to set this if you're using multiple DVGeo objects
for a problem. For backward compatibility, the name is 'default' by default
compNames : list
If using DVGeometryMulti, the components to which the point set associated
with this constraint should be added.
If None, the point set is added to all components.
"""
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeoName)
typeName = "volCon"
if typeName not in self.constraints:
self.constraints[typeName] = OrderedDict()
if name is None:
conName = "%s_volume_constraint_%d" % (self.name, len(self.constraints[typeName]))
else:
conName = name
coords = self._generateIntersections(leList, teList, nSpan, nChord, surfaceName)
# Get the total number of spanwise sections
nSpanTotal = np.sum(nSpan)
coords = coords.reshape((nSpanTotal * nChord * 2, 3))
# Finally add the volume constraint object
self.constraints[typeName][conName] = VolumeConstraint(
conName,
nSpanTotal,
nChord,
coords,
lower,
upper,
scaled,
scale,
self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName],
addToPyOpt,
compNames,
)
[docs]
def addCompositeVolumeConstraint(
self, vols, lower=1.0, upper=3.0, scaled=True, scale=1.0, name=None, addToPyOpt=True, DVGeoName="default"
):
"""
Add a composite volume constraint. This used previously added
constraints and combines them to form a single volume constraint.
The general usage is as follows:
DVCon.addVolumeConstraint(leList1, teList1, nSpan, nChord, name='part1', addToPyOpt=False)
DVCon.addVolumeConstraint(leList2, teList2, nSpan, nChord, name='part2', addToPyOpt=False)
DVCon.addCompositeVolumeConstraint(['part1', 'part2'], lower=1)
Parameters
----------
vols : list of strings
A list containing the names of the previously added
volumes to be used.
lower : float
The lower bound for the volume constraint.
upper : float
The upper bound for the volume constraint.
scaled : bool
Flag specifying whether or not the constraint is to be
implemented in a scaled fashion or not.
* scaled=True: The initial volume is defined to be 1.0.
In this case, the lower and upper bounds are given in
multiple of the initial volume. lower=0.85, upper=1.15,
would allow for 15% change in volume both upper and
lower. For aerodynamic optimization, this is the most
widely used option .
* scaled=False: No scaling is applied and the physical
volume. lower and upper refer to the physical volumes.
scale : float
This is the optimization scaling of the
constraint. Typically this parameter will not need to be
changed. If scaled=True, this automatically results in a
well-scaled constraint and scale can be left at 1.0. If
scaled=False, it may changed to a more suitable value of
the resulting physical volume magnitude is vastly different
from O(1).
name : str
Normally this does not need to be set; a default name will
be generated automatically. Only use this if you have
multiple DVCon objects and the constraint names need to
be distinguished **OR** you are using this volume
computation for something other than a direct constraint
in pyOpt, i.e. it is required for a subsequent
computation.
addToPyOpt : bool
Normally this should be left at the default of True if the
volume is to be used as a constraint. If the volume is to
used in a subsequent calculation and not a constraint
directly, addToPyOpt should be False, and name
specified to a logical name for this computation. with
addToPyOpt=False, the lower, upper and scale variables are
meaningless
"""
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeoName)
typeName = "volCon"
if typeName not in self.constraints:
self.constraints[typeName] = OrderedDict()
if name is None:
conName = "%s_composite_volume_constraint_%d" % (self.name, len(self.constraints[typeName]))
else:
conName = name
# Determine the list of volume constraint objects
volCons = []
for vol in vols:
try:
volCons.append(self.constraints[typeName][vol])
except KeyError as e:
raise Error(
f"The supplied volume '{vol}' has not already been added with a call to addVolumeConstraint()"
) from e
self.constraints[typeName][conName] = CompositeVolumeConstraint(
conName, volCons, lower, upper, scaled, scale, self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName], addToPyOpt
)
[docs]
def addLeTeConstraints(
self,
volID=None,
faceID=None,
topID=None,
indSetA=None,
indSetB=None,
name=None,
config=None,
childName=None,
comp=None,
DVGeoName="default",
):
"""
Add a set of 'leading edge' or 'trailing edge' constraints to
DVConstraints. These are just a particular form of linear
constraints for shape variables. The need for these
constraints arise when the shape variables can effectively
emulate a 'twist' variable (actually a shearing twist). The
purpose of these constraints is to make control points at the
leading and trailing edge move in equal and opposite direction.
.. math:: x_1 - x_2 = 0.0
where :math:`x_1` is the movement (in 1, 2, or 3 directions) of a
control point on the top of the FFD and :math:`x_2` is the control
point on the bottom of the FFD.
There are two ways of specifying these constraints:
``volID`` and ``faceID``
Provide the index of the FFD block and the
``faceID`` (one of ``ilow``, ``ihigh``, ``jlow``, ``jhigh``, ``klow``, or
``khigh``). This it the preferred approach. Both ``volID`` and ``faceID``
can be determined by examining the FFD file in TecPlot or ICEM.
Use 'prob data' tool in TecPlot to click on the surface of which
you want to put constraints on (e.g. the front or LE of FFD and
the back surface or TE of the FFD). You will see which plane
it coresponding to. For example, 'I-Plane' with I-index = 1 is
``iLow``.
``topID`` provides a second input for blocks that have 2x2 faces.
``indSetA`` and ``indSetB``
Alternatively, two sets of indices can be provided.
Both must be the same length. These indices may
be obtained from the ``lindex`` array of the FFD object.
>>> lIndex = DVGeo.getLocalIndex(iVol)
``lIndex`` is a three dimensional set of indices that provide the
index into the global set of control points. See below for
examples.
.. note::
These constraints *will* be added to pyOptSparse automatically with a call to
:func:`addConstraintsPyOpt`
Parameters
----------
volID : int
Single integer specifying the volume index
faceID : str {'iLow', 'iHigh', 'jLow', 'jHigh', 'kLow', 'kHigh'}
One of above specifying the node on which face to constrain.
topID : str {'i','j', 'k'}
One of the above specifing the symmetry direction, should
only be used on 2x2 faces
indSetA : array of int
Indices of control points on one side of the FFD
indSetB : array of int
Indices of control points on the *other* side of the FFD
name : str
Normally this does not need to be set; a default name will
be generated automatically. Only use this if you have
multiple DVCon objects and the constraint names need to
be distinguished
config : str
The DVGeo configuration to apply this constraint to. Must be either None
which will apply to *ALL* the local DV groups or a single string specifying
a particular configuration.
childName : str
Name of the child FFD, if this constraint is being applied to a child FFD.
comp: str
The component name if using DVGeometryMulti.
Examples
--------
>>> # Preferred way: Constraints at the front and back (ifaces) of volume 0
>>> DVCon.addLeTeConstraints(0, 'iLow')
>>> DVCon.addLeTeConstraints(0, 'iHigh')
>>> # Alternative way -- this can be specialzed as required:
>>> lIndex = DVGeo.getLocalIndex(1) # Volume 2
>>> indSetA = []; indSetB = [];
>>> for k in range(4,7): # 4 on the leading edge
>>> indSetA.append(lIndex[0, 0, k])
>>> indSetB.append(lIndex[0, 1, k])
>>> lIndex = DVGeo.getLocalIndex(4) # Volume 5 (different from LE)
>>> for k in range(4,8): # 5 on the trailing edge
>>> indSetA.append(lIndex[-1, 0, k])
>>> indSetB.append(lIndex[-1, 1, k])
>>> # Now add to DVCon
>>> DVCon.addLeTeConstraints(0, indSetA, indSetB)
"""
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeoName)
if comp is None:
DVGeo = self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName]
else:
DVGeo = self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName].DVGeoDict[comp]
if childName is not None:
DVGeo = DVGeo.children[childName]
# Now determine what type of specification we have:
if volID is not None and faceID is not None:
lIndex = DVGeo.getLocalIndex(volID)
iFace = False
jFace = False
kFace = False
if faceID.lower() == "ilow":
indices = lIndex[0, :, :]
iFace = True
elif faceID.lower() == "ihigh":
indices = lIndex[-1, :, :]
iFace = True
elif faceID.lower() == "jlow":
indices = lIndex[:, 0, :]
jFace = True
elif faceID.lower() == "jhigh":
indices = lIndex[:, -1, :]
jFace = True
elif faceID.lower() == "klow":
indices = lIndex[:, :, 0]
kFace = True
elif faceID.lower() == "khigh":
indices = lIndex[:, :, -1]
kFace = True
else:
raise Error("faceID must be one of iLow, iHigh, jLow, jHigh, " "kLow or kHigh.")
# Now we see if one and exactly one length in 2:
shp = indices.shape
if shp[0] == 2 and shp[1] > 2:
indSetA = indices[0, :]
indSetB = indices[1, :]
elif shp[1] == 2 and shp[0] > 2:
indSetA = indices[:, 0]
indSetB = indices[:, 1]
else:
if topID is not None:
if topID.lower() == "i" and not iFace:
indSetA = indices[0, :]
indSetB = indices[1, :]
elif topID.lower() == "j" and not jFace:
if iFace:
indSetA = indices[0, :]
indSetB = indices[1, :]
else:
indSetA = indices[:, 0]
indSetB = indices[:, 1]
elif topID.lower() == "k" and not kFace:
indSetA = indices[:, 0]
indSetB = indices[:, 1]
else:
raise Error("Invalid value for topID. value must be" " i, j or k")
else:
raise Error(
"Cannot add leading edge constraints. One (and "
"exactly one) of FFD block dimensions on the"
" specified face must be 2. The dimensions of "
"the selected face are: "
"(%d, %d). For this case you must specify "
"topID" % (shp[0], shp[1])
)
elif indSetA is not None and indSetB is not None:
if len(indSetA) != len(indSetB):
raise Error("The length of the supplied indices are not " "the same length")
else:
raise Error(
"Incorrect data supplied to addLeTeConstraint. The "
"keyword arguments 'volID' and 'faceID' must be "
"specified **or** 'indSetA' and 'indSetB'"
)
if name is None:
conName = "%s_lete_constraint_%d" % (self.name, len(self.linearCon))
else:
conName = name
# Finally add the volume constraint object
n = len(indSetA)
self.linearCon[conName] = LinearConstraint(
conName, indSetA, indSetB, np.ones(n), np.ones(n), lower=0, upper=0, DVGeo=DVGeo, config=config
)
[docs]
def addLinearConstraintsShape(
self,
indSetA,
indSetB,
factorA,
factorB,
lower=0,
upper=0,
name=None,
config=None,
childName=None,
comp=None,
DVGeoName="default",
):
"""
Add a complete generic set of linear constraints for the shape
variables that have been added to DVGeo. The constraints are
specified in the following general form::
lower <= factorA*dvA + factorB*dvB <= upper
The lists ``indSetA`` and ``indSetB`` are used to specify the pairs of
control points that are to be linked with linear variables. If
more than one pair is specified (i.e. :code:`len(indSetA)=len(indSetB)
> 1`) then ``factorA``, ``factorB``, ``lower`` and ``upper`` may all be arrays
of the same length or a constant which will applied to all.
Two sets of indices can be provided, ``indSetA``
and ``indSetB``. Both must be the same length. These indices may
be obtained from the ``lindex`` array of the FFD object.
>>> lIndex = DVGeo.getLocalIndex(iVol)
``lIndex`` is a three dimensional set of indices that provide the
index into the global set of control points. See below for
examples.
.. note::
These constraints will be added to pyOptSparse automatically with a call to
:func:`addConstraintsPyOpt`.
Parameters
----------
indSetA : array of int
Indices of 'A' control points on one side of the FFD
indSetB : array of int
Indices of 'B' control points on one side of the FFD
factorA : float or array
Coefficient for DV on control point(s) A
factorB : float or array
Coefficient for DV on control point(s) B
lower : float or array
The lower bound of the constraint(s)
upper : float or array
The upper bound of the constraint(s)
name : str
Normally this does not need to be set; a default name will
be generated automatically. Only use this if you have
multiple DVCon objects and the constraint names need to
be distinguished
config : str
The DVGeo configuration to apply this constraint to. Must be either None
which will apply to *ALL* the local DV groups or a single string specifying
a particular configuration.
childName : str
Name of the child FFD, if this constraint is being applied to a child FFD.
comp: str
The component name if using DVGeometryMulti.
Examples
--------
>>> # Make two sets of controls points move the same amount:
>>> lIndex = DVGeo.getLocalIndex(1) # Volume 2
>>> indSetA = []; indSetB = [];
>>> for i in range(lIndex.shape[0]):
>>> indSetA.append(lIndex[i, 0, 0])
>>> indSetB.append(lIndex[i, 0, 1])
>>> DVCon.addLinearConstraintShape(indSetA, indSetB,
>>> factorA=1.0, factorB=-1.0,
>>> lower=0, upper=0)
"""
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeoName)
if comp is None:
DVGeo = self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName]
else:
DVGeo = self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName].DVGeoDict[comp]
if childName is not None:
DVGeo = DVGeo.children[childName]
if len(indSetA) != len(indSetB):
raise Error("The length of the supplied indices are not " "the same length")
if name is None:
conName = "%s_linear_constraint_%d" % (self.name, len(self.linearCon))
else:
conName = name
# Process the inputs to be arrays of length n if necessary.
factorA = np.atleast_1d(factorA)
factorB = np.atleast_1d(factorB)
lower = np.atleast_1d(lower)
upper = np.atleast_1d(upper)
n = len(indSetA)
if len(factorA) == 1:
factorA = factorA[0] * np.ones(n)
elif len(factorA) != n:
raise Error("Length of factorA invalid!")
if len(factorB) == 1:
factorB = factorB[0] * np.ones(n)
elif len(factorB) != n:
raise Error("Length of factorB invalid!")
if len(lower) == 1:
lower = lower[0] * np.ones(n)
elif len(lower) != n:
raise Error("Length of lower invalid!")
if len(upper) == 1:
upper = upper[0] * np.ones(n)
elif len(upper) != n:
raise Error("Length of upper invalid!")
# Finally add the linear constraint object
self.linearCon[conName] = LinearConstraint(
conName, indSetA, indSetB, factorA, factorB, lower, upper, DVGeo, config=config
)
[docs]
def addGearPostConstraint(
self,
wimpressCalc,
position,
axis,
thickLower=1.0,
thickUpper=3.0,
thickScaled=True,
MACFracLower=0.50,
MACFracUpper=0.60,
name=None,
addToPyOpt=True,
surfaceName="default",
DVGeoName="default",
compNames=None,
):
"""Code for doing landing gear post constraints on the fly in an
optimization. As it turns out, this is a critical constraint
for wing-mounted landing gear and high-aspect ratio swept
wings. This constraint actually encompasses *two*
optimization constraints:
1. The first is a physical depth constraint that uses DVCon's
built in thickness constraint class.
2. The second constraint is that the x-position of the the
gear post as a fraction of the wing MAC must be greater than
MACFracLower which will typically be 50%.
The calculation uses a wimpressCalc object to determine the
nominal trapezodial planform to determine the MAC and the
LE-MAC.
Parameters
----------
wimpressCalc : wimpressCalc class
An instance of the wimpress calc class. This is required for
computing the MAC and the xLEMac
position : array of size 3
Three dimensional position of the gear post constraint.
axis : array of size 3
Direction to perform projection. Same as 'axis'
in addThicknessConstraints1D
thickLower : float
Lower bound for thickness constraint. If thickScaled=True,
this is the physical distance scaled by the initial length.
This value is used as the optimization constraint lower bound.
thickUpper : float
Upper bound for optimization constraint. See thickLower.
thickScaled : bool
Flag specifying if the constraint should be scaled.
It is true by default. The default values of thickScaled=True,
thickLower=1.0, ensures that the initial thickness does not
decrease.
MACFracLower : float
The desired lower bound for the gear post location as a
fraction of MAC. Default is 0.50
MACFracUpper : float
The desired upper bound for the gear post location as a
fraction of MAC. Default is 0.60
name : str
Normally this does not need to be set. Only use this if
you have multiple DVCon objects and the constraint names
need to be distinguished **or** the values are to be used
in a subsequent computation.
addToPyOpt : bool
Normally this should be left at the default of True. If
the values need to be processed (modified) *before* they are
given to the optimizer, set this flag to False.
compNames : list
If using DVGeometryMulti, the components to which the point set associated
with this constraint should be added.
If None, the point set is added to all components.
"""
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeoName)
p0, p1, p2 = self._getSurfaceVertices(surfaceName=surfaceName)
typeName = "gearCon"
if typeName not in self.constraints:
self.constraints[typeName] = OrderedDict()
if name is None:
conName = "%s_gear_constraint_%d" % (self.name, len(self.constraints[typeName]))
else:
conName = name
# Project the actual location we were give:
up, down, fail = geo_utils.projectNode(position, axis, p0, p1 - p0, p2 - p0)
if fail > 0:
raise Error(
"There was an error projecting a node " "at (%f, %f, %f) with normal (%f, %f, %f)." % (position)
)
self.constraints[typeName][conName] = GearPostConstraint(
conName,
wimpressCalc,
up,
down,
thickLower,
thickUpper,
thickScaled,
MACFracLower,
MACFracUpper,
self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName],
addToPyOpt,
compNames,
)
[docs]
def addCircularityConstraint(
self,
origin,
rotAxis,
radius,
zeroAxis,
angleCW,
angleCCW,
nPts=4,
upper=1.0,
lower=1.0,
scale=1.0,
name=None,
addToPyOpt=True,
DVGeoName="default",
compNames=None,
):
"""
Add a contraint to keep a certain portion of your geometry circular.
Define the origin, central axis and radius to define the circle.
Define the zero axis, and two angles to define the portion of the circle to
use for the constraint
The constraint will enforce that the radial lengths from the origin to the
nPts around the circle stay equal.
Parameters
----------
origin: vector
The coordinate of the origin
rotation: vector
The central axis of the circle
radius: float
The radius of the circle
zeroAxis: vector
The axis defining the zero rotation angle around the circle
angleCW : float
Angle in the clockwise direction to extend the circularity constraint.
Angle should be positive. Angles are specified in degrees.
angleCCW : float
Angle in the counter-clockwise direction to extend the
circularity constraint. Angle should be positive.
Angles are specified in degrees.
nPts : int
Number of points in the discretization of the circle
lower : float
Lower bound for circularity. This is the ratio of the target length
relative to the first length calculated
upper : float
Upper bound for optimization constraint. See lower.
scale : float
This is the optimization scaling of the
constraint. Typically this parameter will not need to be
changed. If scaled=True, this automatically results in a
well-scaled constraint and scale can be left at 1.0. If
scaled=False, it may changed to a more suitable value of
the resulting physical volume magnitude is vastly different
from O(1).
name : str
Normally this does not need to be set; a default name will
be generated automatically. Only use this if you have
multiple DVCon objects and the constraint names need to
be distinguished **OR** you are using this volume
computation for something other than a direct constraint
in pyOpt, i.e. it is required for a subsequent
computation.
addToPyOpt : bool
Normally this should be left at the default of True if the
volume is to be used as a constraint. If the volume is to
used in a subsequent calculation and not a constraint
directly, addToPyOpt should be False, and name
specified to a logical name for this computation. with
addToPyOpt=False, the lower, upper and scale variables are
meaningless
compNames : list
If using DVGeometryMulti, the components to which the point set associated
with this constraint should be added.
If None, the point set is added to all components.
"""
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeoName)
coords = self._generateCircle(origin, rotAxis, radius, zeroAxis, angleCW, angleCCW, nPts)
# Create the circularity constraint object:
coords = coords.reshape((nPts, 3))
origin = np.array(origin).reshape((1, 3))
typeName = "circCon"
if typeName not in self.constraints:
self.constraints[typeName] = OrderedDict()
# Create a name
if name is None:
conName = "%s_circularity_constraints_%d" % (self.name, len(self.constraints[typeName]))
else:
conName = name
self.constraints[typeName][conName] = CircularityConstraint(
conName, origin, coords, lower, upper, scale, self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName], addToPyOpt, compNames
)
[docs]
def addSurfaceAreaConstraint(
self,
lower=1.0,
upper=3.0,
scaled=True,
scale=1.0,
name=None,
addToPyOpt=True,
surfaceName="default",
DVGeoName="default",
compNames=None,
):
"""
Sum up the total surface area of the triangles included in the DVCon surface
Parameters
----------
lower : float
The lower bound for the area constraint.
upper : float
The upper bound for the area constraint.
scaled : bool
Flag specifying whether or not the constraint is to be
implemented in a scaled fashion or not.
* scaled=True: The initial area is defined to be 1.0.
In this case, the lower and upper bounds are given in
multiple of the initial area. lower=0.85, upper=1.15,
would allow for 15% change in area both upper and
lower. For aerodynamic optimization, this is the most
widely used option .
* scaled=False: No scaling is applied and the physical
area. lower and upper refer to the physical areas.
scale : float
This is the optimization scaling of the
constraint. Typically this parameter will not need to be
changed. If scaled=True, this automatically results in a
well-scaled constraint and scale can be left at 1.0. If
scaled=False, it may changed to a more suitable value of
the resulting physical volume magnitude is vastly different
from O(1).
name : str
Normally this does not need to be set; a default name will
be generated automatically. Only use this if you have
multiple DVCon objects and the constraint names need to
be distinguished **OR** you are using this volume
computation for something other than a direct constraint
in pyOpt, i.e. it is required for a subsequent
computation.
addToPyOpt : bool
Normally this should be left at the default of True if the
volume is to be used as a constraint. If the volume is to
used in a subsequent calculation and not a constraint
directly, addToPyOpt should be False, and name
specified to a logical name for this computation. with
addToPyOpt=False, the lower, upper and scale variables are
meaningless
compNames : list
If using DVGeometryMulti, the components to which the point set associated
with this constraint should be added.
If None, the point set is added to all components.
"""
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeoName)
p0, p1, p2 = self._getSurfaceVertices(surfaceName=surfaceName)
typeName = "surfAreaCon"
if typeName not in self.constraints:
self.constraints[typeName] = OrderedDict()
# Create a name
if name is None:
conName = "%s_surfaceArea_constraints_%d" % (self.name, len(self.constraints[typeName]))
else:
conName = name
self.constraints[typeName][conName] = SurfaceAreaConstraint(
conName,
p0,
p1 - p0,
p2 - p0,
lower,
upper,
scale,
scaled,
self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName],
addToPyOpt,
compNames,
)
[docs]
def addProjectedAreaConstraint(
self,
axis="y",
lower=1.0,
upper=3.0,
scaled=True,
scale=1.0,
name=None,
addToPyOpt=True,
surfaceName="default",
DVGeoName="default",
compNames=None,
):
"""
Sum up the total surface area of the triangles included in the
DVCon surface projected to a plane defined by "axis".
.. note::
The derivative of the projected area can be inaccurate when triangles in the surface mesh are exactly
orthogonal to the projection axis. Fortunately, this is a rare occurrence in practice.
Parameters
----------
axis : str or array-like of length 3
The axis normal to the projection plane can be specified as a string ('x', 'y', or 'z') or as a vector
(e.g [1, 0, 1]) that will be normalized internally
lower : float
The lower bound for the area constraint.
upper : float
The upper bound for the area constraint.
scaled : bool
Flag specifying whether or not the constraint is to be
implemented in a scaled fashion or not.
* scaled=True: The initial area is defined to be 1.0.
In this case, the lower and upper bounds are given in
multiple of the initial area. lower=0.85, upper=1.15,
would allow for 15% change in area both upper and
lower. For aerodynamic optimization, this is the most
widely used option .
* scaled=False: No scaling is applied and the physical
area. lower and upper refer to the physical areas.
scale : float
This is the optimization scaling of the
constraint. Typically this parameter will not need to be
changed. If scaled=True, this automatically results in a
well-scaled constraint and scale can be left at 1.0. If
scaled=False, it may changed to a more suitable value of
the resulting physical volume magnitude is vastly different
from O(1).
name : str
Normally this does not need to be set; a default name will
be generated automatically. Only use this if you have
multiple DVCon objects and the constraint names need to
be distinguished **OR** you are using this volume
computation for something other than a direct constraint
in pyOpt, i.e. it is required for a subsequent
computation.
addToPyOpt : bool
Normally this should be left at the default of True if the
volume is to be used as a constraint. If the volume is to
used in a subsequent calculation and not a constraint
directly, addToPyOpt should be False, and name
specified to a logical name for this computation. with
addToPyOpt=False, the lower, upper and scale variables are
meaningless
compNames : list
If using DVGeometryMulti, the components to which the point set associated
with this constraint should be added.
If None, the point set is added to all components.
"""
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeoName)
p0, p1, p2 = self._getSurfaceVertices(surfaceName=surfaceName)
if isinstance(axis, str):
if axis.lower() == "x":
axis = np.array([1, 0, 0])
elif axis.lower() == "y":
axis = np.array([0, 1, 0])
elif axis.lower() == "z":
axis = np.array([0, 0, 1])
else:
raise Error(f"Unrecognized axis string: {axis}, should be x y or z")
else:
try:
axis = np.array(axis).flatten()
axis = axis / np.linalg.norm(axis)
if len(axis) != 3:
raise Error("Axis array must contain 3 elements")
except ValueError:
raise Error("Axis must be a string or a 3 element array")
typeName = "projAreaCon"
if typeName not in self.constraints:
self.constraints[typeName] = OrderedDict()
# Create a name
if name is None:
conName = "%s_projectedArea_constraints_%d" % (self.name, len(self.constraints[typeName]))
else:
conName = name
self.constraints[typeName][conName] = ProjectedAreaConstraint(
conName,
p0,
p1,
p2,
axis,
lower,
upper,
scale,
scaled,
self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName],
addToPyOpt,
compNames,
)
[docs]
def addPlanarityConstraint(
self,
origin,
planeAxis,
upper=0.0,
lower=0.0,
scale=1.0,
name=None,
addToPyOpt=True,
surfaceName="default",
DVGeoName="default",
compNames=None,
):
"""
Add a contraint to keep the surface in set in DVCon planar
Define the origin, and the plane axis.
The constraint will enforce that all of the surface points lie on
the plane.
Parameters
----------
origin: vector
The coordinate of the origin
planeAxis: vector
Vector defining the plane of interest
lower : float
Lower bound for circularity. This is the ratio of the target length
relative to the first length calculated
upper : float
Upper bound for optimization constraint. See lower.
scale : float
This is the optimization scaling of the
constraint. Typically this parameter will not need to be
changed. If scaled=True, this automatically results in a
well-scaled constraint and scale can be left at 1.0. If
scaled=False, it may changed to a more suitable value of
the resulting physical volume magnitude is vastly different
from O(1).
name : str
Normally this does not need to be set; a default name will
be generated automatically. Only use this if you have
multiple DVCon objects and the constraint names need to
be distinguished **OR** you are using this volume
computation for something other than a direct constraint
in pyOpt, i.e. it is required for a subsequent
computation.
addToPyOpt : bool
Normally this should be left at the default of True if the
volume is to be used as a constraint. If the volume is to
used in a subsequent calculation and not a constraint
directly, addToPyOpt should be False, and name
specified to a logical name for this computation. with
addToPyOpt=False, the lower, upper and scale variables are
meaningless
compNames : list
If using DVGeometryMulti, the components to which the point set associated
with this constraint should be added.
If None, the point set is added to all components.
"""
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeoName)
p0, p1, p2 = self._getSurfaceVertices(surfaceName=surfaceName)
# Create the circularity constraint object:
origin = np.array(origin).reshape((1, 3))
planeAxis = np.array(planeAxis).reshape((1, 3))
# Create a name
typeName = "planeCon"
if typeName not in self.constraints:
self.constraints[typeName] = OrderedDict()
if name is None:
conName = "%s_planarity_constraints_%d" % (self.name, len(self.constraints[typeName]))
else:
conName = name
self.constraints[typeName][conName] = PlanarityConstraint(
conName,
planeAxis,
origin,
p0,
p1 - p0,
p2 - p0,
lower,
upper,
scale,
self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName],
addToPyOpt,
compNames,
)
[docs]
def addColinearityConstraint(
self,
origin,
lineAxis,
distances,
upper=0.0,
lower=0.0,
scale=1.0,
name=None,
addToPyOpt=True,
DVGeoName="default",
compNames=None,
):
"""
Add a contraint to keep a set of points aligned.
Define the origin, and axis of the line and then a set of distances
along the axis to constrain.
The constraint will compute the points to constrain.
Parameters
----------
origin: vector
The coordinate of the origin (3x numpy array)
lineAxis: vector
The line of colinearity (3x numpy array)
distances: list
List of distances from origin to constrain
lower : float
Lower bound for circularity. This is the ratio of the target length
relative to the first length calculated
upper : float
Upper bound for optimization constraint. See lower.
scale : float
This is the optimization scaling of the
constraint. Typically this parameter will not need to be
changed. If scaled=True, this automatically results in a
well-scaled constraint and scale can be left at 1.0. If
scaled=False, it may changed to a more suitable value of
the resulting physical volume magnitude is vastly different
from O(1).
name : str
Normally this does not need to be set; a default name will
be generated automatically. Only use this if you have
multiple DVCon objects and the constraint names need to
be distinguished **OR** you are using this volume
computation for something other than a direct constraint
in pyOpt, i.e. it is required for a subsequent
computation.
addToPyOpt : bool
Normally this should be left at the default of True if the
volume is to be used as a constraint. If the volume is to
used in a subsequent calculation and not a constraint
directly, addToPyOpt should be False, and name
specified to a logical name for this computation. with
addToPyOpt=False, the lower, upper and scale variables are
meaningless
compNames : list
If using DVGeometryMulti, the components to which the point set associated
with this constraint should be added.
If None, the point set is added to all components.
"""
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeoName)
nPts = len(distances)
coords = []
for dist in distances:
coords.append(dist * lineAxis + origin)
# Create the circularity constraint object:
coords = np.array(coords).reshape((nPts, 3))
origin = np.array(origin).reshape((1, 3))
lineAxis = np.array(lineAxis).reshape((1, 3))
# Create a name
typeName = "coLinCon"
if typeName not in self.constraints:
self.constraints[typeName] = OrderedDict()
if name is None:
conName = "%s_colinearity_constraints_%d" % (self.name, len(self.constraints[typeName]))
else:
conName = name
self.constraints[typeName][conName] = ColinearityConstraint(
conName, lineAxis, origin, coords, lower, upper, scale, self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName], addToPyOpt, compNames
)
[docs]
def addCurvatureConstraint(
self,
surfFile,
curvatureType="Gaussian",
lower=-1e20,
upper=1e20,
scaled=True,
scale=1.0,
KSCoeff=None,
name=None,
addToPyOpt=False,
DVGeoName="default",
compNames=None,
):
"""
Add a curvature contraint for the prescribed surface. The only required input for this
constraint is a structured plot 3D file of the surface (there can be multiple
surfaces in the file). This value is meant to be corelated with manufacturing costs.
Parameters
----------
surfFile: vector
Plot3D file with desired surface, should be sufficiently refined to
accurately capture surface curvature
curvatureType: str
The type of curvature to calculate. Options are: 'Gaussian', 'mean', 'combined', or 'KSmean'.
Here the Gaussian curvature is K=kappa_1*kappa_2, the mean curvature is H = 0.5*(kappa_1+kappa_2),
the combined curvature C = kappa_1^2+kappa_2^2=(2*H)^2-2*K, and the KSmean curvature applies the
KS function to the mean curvature, which is essentially the max local mean curvature on the prescribed
surface. In practice, we compute the squared integrated value over the surface, e.g., sum(H*H*dS), for the
Gaussian, mean and combined curvatures. While for the KSmean, we applied the KS function, i.e., KS(H*H*dS)
lower : float
Lower bound for curvature integral.
upper : float
Upper bound for optimization constraint. See lower.
scale : float
This is the optimization scaling of the
constraint. Typically this parameter will not need to be
changed. If scaled=True, this automatically results in a
well-scaled constraint and scale can be left at 1.0. If
scaled=False, it may changed to a more suitable value of
the resulting physical volume magnitude is vastly different
from O(1).
scaled : bool
Flag specifying whether or not the constraint is to be
implemented in a scaled fashion or not.
* scaled=True: The initial curvature is defined to be 1.0.
In this case, the lower and upper bounds are given in
multiple of the initial curvature. lower=0.85, upper=1.15,
would allow for 15% change in curvature both upper and
lower. For aerodynamic optimization, this is the most
widely used option .
* scaled=False: No scaling is applied and the physical
curvature. lower and upper refer to the physical curvatures.
KSCoeff : float
The coefficient for KS function when curvatureType=KSmean.
This controls how close the KS function approximates the original
functions. One should select a KSCoeff such that the printed "Reference curvature"
is only slightly larger than the printed "Max curvature" for the baseline surface.
The default value of KSCoeff is the number of points in the plot3D files.
name : str
Normally this does not need to be set; a default name will
be generated automatically. Only use this if you have
multiple DVCon objects and the constraint names need to
be distinguished **OR** you are using this volume
computation for something other than a direct constraint
in pyOpt, i.e. it is required for a subsequent
computation.
addToPyOpt : bool
Normally this should be left at the default of False if the
cost is part of the objective. If the integral is to be
used directly as a constraint, addToPyOpt should be True, and name
specified to a logical name for this computation. with
addToPyOpt=False, the lower, upper and scale variables are
meaningless
compNames : list
If using DVGeometryMulti, the components to which the point set associated
with this constraint should be added.
If None, the point set is added to all components.
"""
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeoName)
# Use pyGeo to load the plot3d file
geo = pyGeo("plot3d", surfFile)
# node and edge tolerance for pyGeo (these are never used so
# we just fix them)
node_tol = 1e-8
edge_tol = 1e-8
# Explicitly do the connectivity here since we don't want to
# write a con file:
geo._calcConnectivity(node_tol, edge_tol)
surfs = geo.surfs
typeName = "curveCon"
if typeName not in self.constraints:
self.constraints[typeName] = OrderedDict()
# Create a name
if name is None:
if curvatureType == "Gaussian":
conName = "%s_gaussian_curvature_constraint_%d" % (self.name, len(self.constraints[typeName]))
elif curvatureType == "mean":
conName = "%s_mean_curvature_constraint_%d" % (self.name, len(self.constraints[typeName]))
elif curvatureType == "combined":
conName = "%s_combined_curvature_constraint_%d" % (self.name, len(self.constraints[typeName]))
elif curvatureType == "KSmean":
conName = "%s_ksmean_curvature_constraint_%d" % (self.name, len(self.constraints[typeName]))
else:
raise Error(
"The curvatureType parameter should be Gaussian, mean, combined, or KSmean "
"%s is not supported!" % curvatureType
)
else:
conName = name
self.constraints[typeName][conName] = CurvatureConstraint(
conName,
surfs,
curvatureType,
lower,
upper,
scaled,
scale,
KSCoeff,
self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName],
addToPyOpt,
compNames,
)
[docs]
def addCurvatureConstraint1D(
self,
start,
end,
nPts,
axis,
curvatureType="mean",
lower=-1e20,
upper=1e20,
scaled=True,
scale=1.0,
KSCoeff=1.0,
name=None,
addToPyOpt=True,
surfaceName="default",
DVGeoName="default",
compNames=None,
):
"""
Add a curvature contraint along the prescribed straightline on the design surface.
This can be used to impose a spanwise curvature constraint for wing aerodynamic optimization.
.. note:: the output is the square of the curvature to make sure the values are always positive
See below for a schematic.
.. code-block:: text
Planform view of the wing:
Physical extent of wing
____________________________________
| |
| |
| |
| +---x--x---x---x---x---x---x---+ |
| |
| |
| |
|__________________________________/
The '+' are the (three dimensional) points defined by 'start' and 'end'. Once the straightline
is defined, we generate nPts-2 intermediate points along it and project these points to the design
surface mesh in the prescirbed axis direction. Here 'x' are the intermediate points added by setting
nPts = 9. The curvature will be calculated based on the projected intermediate points (x) on the design
surface.
.. note::
We do not calculate the curvatures at the two end points (+).
So make sure to extend the start and end points a bit to fully cover the area where you want to compute the curvature
Parameters
----------
start/end : list of size 3
The 3D points forming a straight line along which the
curvature constraints will be added.
nPts : int
The number of intermediate points to add. We should prescribe nPts such that the point interval
should be larger than the mesh size and smaller than the interval of FFD points in that direction
axis : list of size 3
The direction along which the projections will occur.
Typically this will be y or z axis ([0,1,0] or [0,0,1])
.. note:: we also compute the curvature based on this axis dir
curvatureType : str
What type of curvature constraint to compute. Either mean or aggregated
lower : float
Lower bound of curvature integral used for optimization constraint
upper : float
Upper bound of curvature integral used for optimization constraint
scale : float
This is the optimization scaling of the
constraint. Typically this parameter will not need to be
changed. If scaled=True, this automatically results in a
well-scaled constraint and scale can be left at 1.0. If
scaled=False, it may changed to a more suitable value of
the resulting physical volume magnitude is vastly different
from O(1).
scaled : bool
Flag specifying whether or not the constraint is to be
implemented in a scaled fashion or not.
* scaled=True: The initial curvature is defined to be 1.0.
In this case, the lower and upper bounds are given in
multiple of the initial curvature. lower=0.85, upper=1.15,
would allow for 15% change in curvature both upper and
lower. For aerodynamic optimization, this is the most
widely used option .
* scaled=False: No scaling is applied and the physical
curvature. lower and upper refer to the physical curvatures.
KSCoeff : float
The coefficient for KS function. This controls how close the KS function approximates
the original functions.
name : str
Normally this does not need to be set; a default name will
be generated automatically. Only use this if you have
multiple DVCon objects and the constraint names need to
be distinguished **OR** you are using this volume
computation for something other than a direct constraint
in pyOpt, i.e. it is required for a subsequent
computation.
addToPyOpt : bool
Normally this should be left at the default of False if the
cost is part of the objective. If the integral is to be
used directly as a constraint, addToPyOpt should be True, and name
specified to a logical name for this computation. with
addToPyOpt=False, the lower, upper and scale variables are
meaningless
surfaceName : str
Name of the surface to project to. This should be the same
as the surfaceName provided when setSurface() was called.
For backward compatibility, the name is 'default' by default.
DVGeoName : str
Name of the DVGeo object to compute the constraint with. You only
need to set this if you're using multiple DVGeo objects
for a problem. For backward compatibility, the name is 'default' by default
compNames : list
If using DVGeometryMulti, the components to which the point set associated
with this constraint should be added.
If None, the point set is added to all components.
Examples
--------
>>> # define a 2 point poly-line along the wing spanwise direction (z)
>>> # and project to the design surface along y
>>> start = [0, 0, 0]
>>> end = [0, 0, 1]
>>> nPts = 10
>>> axis = [0, 1, 0]
>>> DVCon.addCurvatureConstraint1D(start, end, nPts, axis, "mean", lower=1.0, upper=3, scaled=True)
"""
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeoName)
p0, p1, p2 = self._getSurfaceVertices(surfaceName=surfaceName)
if nPts < 5:
raise Error("nPts should be at least 5 \n " "while nPts = %d is given." % nPts)
# Create mesh of intersections
ptList = [start, end]
constr_line = Curve(X=ptList, k=2)
s = np.linspace(0, 1, nPts)
X = constr_line(s)
coords = np.zeros((nPts, 3))
# calculate the distance between coords, it should be uniform for all points
eps = np.linalg.norm(X[1] - X[0])
# Project all the points
for i in range(nPts):
# Project actual node:
up, _, fail = geo_utils.projectNode(X[i], axis, p0, p1 - p0, p2 - p0)
if fail > 0:
raise Error(
"There was an error projecting a node "
"at (%f, %f, %f) with normal (%f, %f, %f)." % (X[i, 0], X[i, 1], X[i, 2], axis[0], axis[1], axis[2])
)
coords[i] = up
# NOTE: we do not use the down projection
typeName = "curvCon1D"
if typeName not in self.constraints:
self.constraints[typeName] = OrderedDict()
if name is None:
conName = "%s_curvature_constraints_1d_%d" % (self.name, len(self.constraints[typeName]))
else:
conName = name
self.constraints[typeName][conName] = CurvatureConstraint1D(
conName,
curvatureType,
coords,
axis,
eps,
KSCoeff,
lower,
upper,
scaled,
scale,
self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName],
addToPyOpt,
compNames,
)
[docs]
def addMonotonicConstraints(
self, key, slope=1.0, name=None, start=0, stop=-1, config=None, childName=None, comp=None, DVGeoName="default"
):
"""
Add monotonic constraints to a given design variable.
Parameters
----------
key : str
Name of the global design variable we are dealing with.
slope : float
Direction of monotonic decrease
1.0 - from left to right along design variable vector
-1.0 - from right to left along design variable vector
name : str
Normally this does not need to be set; a default name will
be generated automatically. Only use this if you have
multiple DVCon objects and the constraint names need to
be distinguished
start/stop: int
This allows the user to specify a slice of the design variable to
constrain if it is not desired to set a monotonic constraint on the
entire vector. The start/stop indices are inclusive indices, so for
a design variable vector [4, 3, 6.5, 2, -5.4, -1], start=1 and
stop=4 would constrain [3, 6.5, 2, -5.4] to be a monotonic sequence.
config : str
The DVGeo configuration to apply this constraint to. Must be either None
which will apply to *ALL* the local DV groups or a single string specifying
a particular configuration.
childName : str
Name of the child FFD, if this constraint is being applied to a child FFD.
comp: str
The component name if using DVGeometryMulti.
Examples
--------
>>> DVCon.addMonotonicConstraints('chords', 1.0)
"""
self._checkDVGeo(DVGeoName)
if comp is None:
DVGeo = self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName]
else:
DVGeo = self.DVGeometries[DVGeoName].DVGeoDict[comp]
if childName is not None:
DVGeo = DVGeo.children[childName]
if name is None:
conName = "%s_monotonic_constraint_%d" % (self.name, len(self.linearCon))
else:
conName = name
options = {"slope": slope, "start": start, "stop": stop}
# Finally add the global linear constraint object
self.linearCon[conName] = GlobalLinearConstraint(
conName,
key,
conType="monotonic",
options=options,
lower=0,
upper=None,
DVGeo=DVGeo,
config=config,
)
def _checkDVGeo(self, name="default"):
"""check if DVGeo exists"""
if name not in self.DVGeometries.keys():
raise Error(
"A DVGeometry object must be added to DVCon before "
"using a call to DVCon.setDVGeo(DVGeo) before "
"constraints can be added."
)
def _getSurfaceVertices(self, surfaceName="default", fromDVGeo=None):
"""Get the points that define a triangulated surface mesh.
Parameters
----------
surfaceName : str
Which DVConstraints surface to get the points for (default is 'default')
fromDVGeo : str or None
Name of the DVGeo object to obtain the surface from (default is 'None' in which case the surface is obtained
from self.surfaces, which will always be the original surface)
Returns
-------
(np.array, np.array, np.array)
Arrays of points that define the triangulated surface mesh
"""
if fromDVGeo is None:
if surfaceName not in self.surfaces.keys():
raise KeyError('Need to add surface "' + surfaceName + '" to the DVConstraints object')
p0 = self.surfaces[surfaceName][0]
p1 = self.surfaces[surfaceName][1]
p2 = self.surfaces[surfaceName][2]
else:
p0 = self.DVGeometries[fromDVGeo].update(surfaceName + "_p0")
p1 = self.DVGeometries[fromDVGeo].update(surfaceName + "_p1")
p2 = self.DVGeometries[fromDVGeo].update(surfaceName + "_p2")
return p0, p1, p2
def _generateIntersections(self, leList, teList, nSpan, nChord, surfaceName):
"""
Internal function to generate the grid points (nSpan x nChord)
and to actual perform the intersections. This is in a separate
functions since addThicknessConstraints2D, and volume based
constraints use the same code. The list of projected
coordinates are returned.
"""
p0, p1, p2 = self._getSurfaceVertices(surfaceName=surfaceName)
# Create mesh of intersections
le_s = Curve(X=leList, k=2)
te_s = Curve(X=teList, k=2)
root_s = Curve(X=[leList[0], teList[0]], k=2)
tip_s = Curve(X=[leList[-1], teList[-1]], k=2)
# Generate spanwise parametric distances
if isinstance(nSpan, int):
# Use equal spacing along the curve
le_span_s = te_span_s = np.linspace(0.0, 1.0, nSpan)
elif isinstance(nSpan, list):
# Use equal spacing within each segment defined by leList and teList
# We use the same nSpan for the leading and trailing edges, so check that the lists are the same size
if len(leList) != len(teList):
raise ValueError("leList and teList must be the same length if nSpan is provided as a list.")
# Also check that nSpan is the correct length
numSegments = len(leList) - 1
if len(nSpan) != numSegments:
raise ValueError(f"nSpan must be of length {numSegments}.")
# Find the parametric distances of the break points that define each segment
le_breakPoints = le_s.projectPoint(leList)[0]
te_breakPoints = te_s.projectPoint(teList)[0]
# Initialize empty arrays for the full spanwise parameteric distances
le_span_s = np.array([])
te_span_s = np.array([])
for i in range(numSegments):
# Only include the endpoint if this is the last segment to avoid double counting points
if i == numSegments - 1:
endpoint = True
else:
endpoint = False
# Interpolate over this segment and append to the parametric distance array
le_span_s = np.append(
le_span_s, np.linspace(le_breakPoints[i], le_breakPoints[i + 1], nSpan[i], endpoint=endpoint)
)
te_span_s = np.append(
te_span_s, np.linspace(te_breakPoints[i], te_breakPoints[i + 1], nSpan[i], endpoint=endpoint)
)
else:
raise TypeError("nSpan must be either an int or a list.")
# Generate chordwise parametric distances
chord_s = np.linspace(0.0, 1.0, nChord)
# Get the total number of spanwise sections
nSpanTotal = np.sum(nSpan)
# Generate a 2D region of intersections
X = geo_utils.tfi_2d(le_s(le_span_s), te_s(te_span_s), root_s(chord_s), tip_s(chord_s))
coords = np.zeros((nSpanTotal, nChord, 2, 3))
for i in range(nSpanTotal):
for j in range(nChord):
# Generate the 'up_vec' from taking the cross product
# across a quad
if i == 0:
uVec = X[i + 1, j] - X[i, j]
elif i == nSpanTotal - 1:
uVec = X[i, j] - X[i - 1, j]
else:
uVec = X[i + 1, j] - X[i - 1, j]
if j == 0:
vVec = X[i, j + 1] - X[i, j]
elif j == nChord - 1:
vVec = X[i, j] - X[i, j - 1]
else:
vVec = X[i, j + 1] - X[i, j - 1]
upVec = np.cross(uVec, vVec)
# Project actual node:
up, down, fail = geo_utils.projectNode(X[i, j], upVec, p0, p1 - p0, p2 - p0)
if fail == 0:
coords[i, j, 0] = up
coords[i, j, 1] = down
elif fail == -1:
# More than 2 solutions. Returned in sorted distance.
coords[i, j, 0] = down
coords[i, j, 1] = up
else:
raise Error(
"There was an error projecting a node at (%f, %f, %f) with normal (%f, %f, %f)."
% (X[i, j, 0], X[i, j, 1], X[i, j, 2], upVec[0], upVec[1], upVec[2])
)
return coords
def _generateDiscreteSurface(self, wing):
"""
Take a pygeo surface and create a discrete triangulated
surface from it. This is quite dumb code and does not pay any
attention to things like how well the triangles approximate
the surface or the underlying parametrization of the surface
"""
p0 = []
v1 = []
v2 = []
level = 1
for isurf in range(wing.nSurf):
surf = wing.surfs[isurf]
ku = surf.ku
kv = surf.kv
tu = surf.tu
tv = surf.tv
u = geo_utils.fillKnots(tu, ku, level)
v = geo_utils.fillKnots(tv, kv, level)
for i in range(len(u) - 1):
for j in range(len(v) - 1):
P0 = surf(u[i], v[j])
P1 = surf(u[i + 1], v[j])
P2 = surf(u[i], v[j + 1])
P3 = surf(u[i + 1], v[j + 1])
p0.append(P0)
v1.append(P1 - P0)
v2.append(P2 - P0)
p0.append(P3)
v1.append(P2 - P3)
v2.append(P1 - P3)
return np.array(p0), np.array(v1), np.array(v2)
def _generateCircle(self, origin, rotAxis, radius, zeroAxis, angleCW, angleCCW, nPts):
"""
generate the coordinates for a circle. The user should not have to call this
directly.
Parameters
----------
origin: vector
The coordinate of the origin
rotation: vector
The central axis of the circle
radius: float
The radius of the circle
zeroAxis: vector
The axis defining the zero rotation angle around the circle
angleCW : float
Angle in the clockwise direction to extend the circularity constraint.
Angles are specified in degrees.
angleCCW : float
Angle in the counter-clockwise direction to extend the
circularity constraint. Angles are specified in degrees.
nPts : int
Number of points in the discretization of the circle
"""
# enforce the shape of the origin
origin = np.array(origin).reshape((3,))
# Create the coordinate array
coords = np.zeros((nPts, 3))
# get the angles about the zero axis for the points
if angleCW < 0:
raise Error("Negative angle specified. angleCW should be positive.")
if angleCCW < 0:
raise Error("Negative angle specified. angleCCW should be positive.")
angles = np.linspace(np.deg2rad(-angleCW), np.deg2rad(angleCCW), nPts)
# ---------
# Generate a unit vector in the zero axis direction
# ----
# get the third axis by taking the cross product of rotAxis and zeroAxis
axis = np.cross(zeroAxis, rotAxis)
# now use these axis to regenerate the orthogonal zero axis
zeroAxisOrtho = np.cross(rotAxis, axis)
# now normalize the length of the zeroAxisOrtho
length = np.linalg.norm(zeroAxisOrtho)
zeroAxisOrtho /= length
# -------
# Normalize the rotation axis
# -------
length = np.linalg.norm(rotAxis)
rotAxis /= length
# ---------
# now rotate, multiply by radius ,and add to the origin to get the coords
# ----------
for i in range(nPts):
newUnitVec = geo_utils.rotVbyW(zeroAxisOrtho, rotAxis, angles[i])
newUnitVec *= radius
coords[i, :] = newUnitVec + origin
return coords